 Learning objectives :

› To familiarize the students with the concept of Land-use

planning
› To study land use models
› To understand city development process.

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 Major contents:
A. Concept of Land-use Planning
B. Land use Classification
C. Process of City Development
D. City Land Use Models

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 Land use planning is the part of the process of city
planning concerned with type, location, intensity,
and amount of land required for various functions
of the city

 It is a proposal or recommendation, as to how land

should be used as future community expansion or
renewal occurs.

 Land use plan is usually expressed in colored plan

map, supported by pertinent text, tables, and
graphs setting forth recommended standards.

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 Land use plan/map portrays the picture
of actual use of land at a certain time
 While, Zoning plan/map is prepared as a
guideline for future development of the
city

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 Residentiary Uses:
› All type of residential facilities
 Other Residentiary Uses
› Government offices, post offices, police
station, etc
 Health & Welfare Uses
› Health centers, clinics, hospitals child care
centers etc
 Educational Uses
› All type of educational institutions
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 Assembly Uses:
› Libraries, cinemas, concert halls, non-sportive
clubs, exhibition halls, etc
 Religious uses:
› Mosques, churches, temples, monasteries,
tombs etc
 Commercial (Trade)Uses:
› Retails shops, departmental stores, bazars,
markets restaurants, hotels, motels, etc

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 Residentiary Manufacturing
Small & medium size repair shops, art & craft, etc
 Parks and Playground
Green spaces, green houses, zoological &
botanicals gardens gymnasium, sports clubs,
stadiums, etc
 Burial Grounds
Graveyards, towers of silence and crematoria,
etc
 Transportation Right-of-way
Roads and streets, parking & loading areas therein, and
pedestrian lanes, wherever the land uses on both sides of
right-of-way are residentiary or are on one side
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 Manufacturing Uses
Includes all type of industrial activities other than
those included in residential manufacturing uses
 Wholesale Uses
Warehouses, godowns and whole sale markets
 Construction
Yards of construction firms, open storage of construction
materials, pre-processing of construction materials, small pre-
fabrication plants, etc

AE 301 Lecture 3: Land-use Planning 10

 Utilities and Municipal services facilities
Water tanks, water filtration plants, sewerage
treatment plants,, electricity, gas, telephone, fire
brigade, etc
 Transportation terminal
Airports, harbors, railway stations, yards, bus depots, truck
terminals etc.
 Protection zones
Buffer areas around industrial facilities, transportation
terminals, river beds, etc

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 Vacant improved and restricted lands
These are actually semi-urban lands; includes land
for provision of major roads, trunk utility
infrastructure, not yet developed

 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Mining uses

Arable lands, orchards, woods, forests fish harbors,
fish ponds, salt pans etc

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 Non-urban vacant
› Vacant land whether developable for urban or
non-urban use
 Water bodies
› Rivers, lakes, (natural / manmade), irrigation
canals etc
 Tourist spots
› Recreational areas, beach and other seasonal
cottages /kiosks, etc

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 Built-up areas
Single-family houses 36.5%
Two family houses 05.0%
Multiple family houses (Flats) 15.5%
Business shopping centres 3.0%
Total 60%
Open areas
Parks 20%
Roads 20%
TOTAL 40%
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1. Concentration
population and economic activities in a city
have focused on the center of the city
2. Decentralization — the location of activity
away from the central city
3. Segregation — the sorting out of population
groups according to conscious preferences
for associating with one group or another
through bias and prejudice

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4. Specialization —
similar to segregation only refers to the economic
sector

4. Invasion —
traditionally, a process through which a new
activity or social group enters an area

4. Succession —
a new use or social group gradually replaces the
former occupants

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 Mono-centric Model:
 Model distinguishes four basic land uses i.e.
residential, manufacturing, service & retail
 The model assumes an idealized topography and
radial transportation system.
 Land uses in an effort to minimize transportation
costs and to segregate themselves in concentric
rings around core of service uses.

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 The Sector Model
This model proposed by a land economist working
for U.S. federal government named Homer Hoyt

This model is baed on a huge study of housing

values in more than 100 cities

He supposed a CBD around which other land uses

cluster

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› But important factor is not distance from CBD
as in the concentric zone model, but direction
away from CBD

› Wedge-shaped land use zones: like pieces of

pie

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1. CBD
2. Wholesale & Light
Manufacturing
3. Low-income Residential
4. Middle-Income Residential
5. High-Income Residential

SOURCE:
http://www.geog.umontreal.ca/geotrans/eng/ch6e
n/conc6en/sectornuclei.html
Adapted from: H. Carter (1995) Urban Geography 4th
Edition. London: Arnold, p. 126.

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› As growth occurs, similar activities
stay in the same area and extend outwards

› Good for accommodating growth

Development axes; growth momentum

› Why do land use areas take wedge shapes?

 Follow older radial transport lines
 High-class residential on higher ground or
along an environmental amenity (e.g.,
wooded ravine)
 Lower-class residential along “the tracks”
coming in and out of town

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› This theory is particularly good for residential
land use

› Both the concentric zone and sector models

are monocentric representations of urban areas

› How realistic are they for an larger metropolis

like karachi, Lahore?

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 Multiple Nuclei Model
› Developed by two geographers: Chauncey
Harris & Edward Ullman in 1945 based on
Seattle, Washington

› Basic concept:
 cities don’t grow up around a single core

 CBD need not be at the center!

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› many towns and nearly all large cities do not
grow around one CBD

› They are formed by the progressive integration

(combining, mixing) of a number of separate
nuclei in the urban pattern.

› These nodes become specialized and

differentiated in the growth process and are not
located in relation to any distance attribute,

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 Industrial
Area

Growth & Mixing Growth & Mixing

Road Commercial
Area

Recreational Growth & Mixing

Area

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1. CBD
2. Wholesale & Light
Manufacturing
3. Low-income Residential
4. Middle-Income Residential
5. High-Income Residential
6. Heavy Manufacturing
7. Outlying Business District
(Mall)
8. Residential Suburb
9. Industrial Suburb
SOURCE:
http://www.geog.umontreal.ca/geotrans/eng/ch6en/con
c6en/sectornuclei.html

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 Hybrid Land Use model By W. Isard (1955)
› This model illustrates that some urban land uses
are oriented along major transport axis (sectors),

› while others, notably industrial and commercial,

are located in nuclei.

› The urban land use is thus an overlay of different

transport effects, let them be sectorial, zonal or
nuclear.

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31
 3, 4, 5, 8, 10
2,6
1
7,2 2,6
2,6

1. Central Business District 6. Heavy manufacturing

2. Wholesale/Light manufacturing 7. Outlying business district
3. Low-class residential 8. Residential suburb
4. Medium-clas residential 9. Industrial suburb
5. High-class residential 10. Commuter zone
 But important factor is not distance from CBD as in
the concentric zone model, but direction away
from CBD

 Wedge-shaped land use zones: like pieces of pie

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 Further Readings:
 City Planning for Civil Engineers, Environmental Engineers and
Surveyors- by Kurt W. Baur
 Schwirian, Kent. "Ecological Models of Urban Form: Concentric Zone
Model, the Sector Model, and the Multiple Nuclei Model." Blackwell
Encyclopedia of Sociology. Ritzer, George (ed). Blackwell Publishing,
2007. Blackwell Reference Online. 18 October 2010
› http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/subscriber/tocnode?id
=g9781405124331_yr2010_chunk_g978140512433111_ss1-4
› http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/ch6c2
en.html

› http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_nuclei_model
› http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_model
› http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_zone_model
› http://www.masterinpublicadministration.com/top-20-urban-
planning-successes-of-all-time.html

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THANKS

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