1

MATERIAL FOR
CIVIL & HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL
BUILDING MATERIALS
1. SOIL
2. WATER
3. CEMENT MATERIAL
4. BRICKS
5. SAND (FINE AGGREGATE)
6. COARSE AGGREGATE
7. STONE FOR BUILDINGS
8. STEEL
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
1. FLOORING
2. WALLS
3. CONCRETE
4. ROOFING
 SOIL CLASSIFICATION
(i) GRAVEL 60mm  2mm

(ii) SAND 2mm  0.06mm

(iii)SILT 0.06mm  0.002mm

(iv) CLAY 0.002 or less

 PERMISSIBLE SALT
CONTENTS IN SOIL
(i) Total Soluble Salts = 0.5%
(ii) Sulphate = 0.24%
(iii)Chloride = 0.2%
(iv)pH-Value = 7–9%
(v) Organic Matter = 4%
 QUALITY OF WATER FOR
CONSTRUCTION
i. Solid contents = 0.05%
ii. Silt contents = 0.2%
iii. pH-Value = 6–8%
iv. Total soluble salts = 0.15%
v. Na + K = 0.3%
vi. Chlorides = 0.05%
vii. Sulphate = 0.036%
viii. CO2 = NIL
 CEMENTING MATERIAL

(1) Ordinary Portland Cement

(2) Lime
(3) Gypsum
(4) Mud
(5) Sulpher
 TYPES OF OPC
1. Ordinary Portland (Type-I) Cement
2. Rapid Hardening Portland (Type-III) Cement
3. Special Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
4. Low Heat Portland (Type-IV) Cement
5. Modified (Type-II) Cement
6. Sulphate Resisting (Type-V) Cement
7. Portland Blast Furnace (Slag) Cement
8. Super Sulphate (Slag) Cement
9. White Cement
10. Coloured Cement
11. Portland Pozzolan ( Type ip, P & I (PM) Cement
12. Expansive Cement (or expanding)
13. High Alumina Cement
14. Masonry Cement
OTHER PORTLAND CEMENT

1. Hydrophobic Cement
2. Anti-bacterial Cement
3. Anti-Funngal and Anti-Algal Cement
4. Water proofed Cement
5. Oil Well Cement
6. Barium and Stroncium Cement
7. Modified Cements
 MODIFIED CEMENT
Such types of cement are achieved by adding
polymers in OPC, following are the types:

1. Latex modified Cement (for concrete repair)

2. S.B.R. (Styrin butadin rubber) modified cements.
3. M.M.A. (methylmeth acreylate) modified cement.
4. Bituminous emulsion mixes

Such types of cement are used for repair of

concrete and for low weight high strength
concrete. In repair work the bonding properties
between the old surface and new mortar are
enhanced as compared to OPC.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF OPC
1. FINENESS
OPC 275M2/kg (2750 cm2/g)

2. SETTING TIME
a) Initial setting time = 45 minutes (min.)
b) Final setting time = 10 hours (max.)
3. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
(As per BS Standard Specifications)
a) Concrete cube (4”) (3-days) 1:2½:3½
= Not less than 15 N/mm2 (2175 psi)
Concrete cube (4”) (28-days)
= Not less than 30-52 N/mm2 (4930-7540 psi)
b) Mortar cube (2.78”) (3-days) 1:3
= Not less than 25 N/mm2 (3625 psi)
Mortar cube (2.78) (28-days)
= Not less than 47-67 N/mm2 (6815-9715 psi)

4. SOUNDNESS

10mm (Maximum)
5. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
(As per ASTM Standard Specifications)

a) Mortar cube (2”) 1:2.75

= Not less than 1740 psi (3-days)
= Not less than 2760 psi (7-days)

6. SOUNDNESS

10mm (Maximum)
BRICKS
 SIZE OF BRICKS IN VARIOUS
COUNTRIES
COUNTRY NOMINAL SIZE (IN.)
UK up to 1984 9 x 4½ x 3
From 1985 8-7/8 x 4-7/16 x 2-15/16
U.S.A. 8-1/8 x 4-1/8 x 2-3/4
U.S.S.R 10 x 5 x 3
FRANCE 10 x 5 x 3
GERMANY 10 x 5 x 2-7/8
SWITZERLAND 10 x 5 x 3
COUNTRY NOMINAL SIZE (IN.)

INDONESIA
THAILAND 8-3/8 x 4-3/16 x 2-7/8
MALAYSIA
JAPAN
INDO-PAK
a) Aryan era 11 x 5-½ x 2¼
b) Bhadhist era 11 x 11 x 2¼
c) Mughal era 8 x4 x2
d) British era 9-1/4 x 4-5/8 x 3
e) Old Irrigation & 10 x 5 x 3
Bangla Desh
 SOIL FOR BRICK MOULDING

Clay = 20 – 35%

Silt = 20 – 35%

Fine sand = 40 – 55%

Soluble salts = 0.25 %

Soluble sulphate = 0.05 %

STRENGTH (PSI) AS PER B.S./P.S, ASTM & PWD
Average Individual Water absorption
B.S.3921
A 4000 3000 12%
B 2500 2000 12%
C 1500 1200 16%
ASTM C-62
A 3000 2500 13.3%
B 2500 2200 19.4%
C 1500 1250 N.S.
PWD 1964
A 2000 - 16.67%
B 2000 - 25.0%
 BRICK DISEASES

• Efflorescence

• Cryptoflourescence

• Scum Formation

• Algae, Fungi Growth and Molds Growth

• Oxidizing Bacterial Growth

AGGREGATES
FINE AGGREGATES
(a) Fineness Modulus 2.3 – 3.1
(for use in concrete)
(sum of cumulative %age retain/100
(b) Deleterious material Max. 3%
(Silt, Clay and fine dust)
(c) Clay lumps Max. 0.25% (by wt)
(d) Coal & Lignite Max. 1% (by wt)
(organic Impurities)
COARSE AGGREGATES
(a) Deleterious material Max. 1%
(b) Clay lumps Max. 0.25% (by wt)
(c) Organic Impurities 1%
(d) Mech. Properties
i. Crushing value Max. 30%
ii. Impact value Max. 30%
iii. Loss Angeles 50 % (max.)
Abrasion Test
iv) Soundness MgSO4 = 15%
NaSO4 = 12%
 AGGREGATE REACTION

1. ALKALI SILICA REACTION

2. ALKALI CARBONATION REACTION

LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES
(1) This is bloated clay aggregate.
(2) Low density.
(3) High concrete strength
(4) High modulus of elasticity
(5) Low drying shrinkage
(6) Resistant to rain penetration
(7) High thermal insulation
(8) Corrosion resistant
(9) High bond and anchorage
(10) Resistant against shear
STONES FOR BUILDING
 Absorption
Coeff of
Weight Shearing Modulus of Modulus of of water
Kind of Compressive expansion
pound per strength rupture elasticity percent of
Stone strength (Psi) per deg. F.
cu. Ft. (Psi) (Psi) (Psi) ..x(10)6 weight of
..x(10)6
stone

Granite 160 – 170 15000 – 1800 – 2800 1200-2200 5.9 – 9.8 - -

range 165 26000 2300 1600 7.5 0.40 0.5
Average 20200

Sandstone 135-150 6700-19000 1200-2500 500-2200 1.00-7.70

range 140 12500 1700 1500 3.30 0.55 5.0
Average

Limestone 140-180 3200-20000 1000-2200 250-2700 4.00-14.70

range 160 9000 1400 1200 8.40 0.45 7.7
Average

Marble 160-180 10300-16100 1000-1600 850-2300 4.00-12.60

range 170 12600 1300 1500 8.20 0.45 0.4
Average

Slate range 170-180 14000-30000 - 7000- 13.90-16.20

Average 175 15000 - 11000 14.00 0.58 0.5
8500

Trap 185 20000 - - - - -

Average
STEEL
 ALLOY STEEL
Ultimat
Sr. Yield
Carbon e Elongatio
No Type of Steel Metal % strengt Properties
% strengt n%
. h (TSI)
h (TSI)
1 Nickel steel 0.2 – 0.5 2–4 22 40 25 Resistant to fatigue,
corrosion, low MP
2 Chromium steel 0.3 – 1.5 0.5 – 2.0 25 50 18 Resistant to corrosion,
hard steel.
3 Stainless steel 0.4 13.0 35 100 15 Acid resistant
(Fe – Cr) (Cr) anticorrosive
4 Ni-cr-steel 0.3 3.5 – 4.5 (Ni) 25 50 20 For vehicle parts
1.1–1.75 (Cr)
5 Chrome- 0.4 0.3 (V) 35 65 18 Shock and Fatigue
vanadium steel 1.0 (Cr.) resistant
6 Manganese 1.0 – 1.5 14 15 60 50 Resistant to wear &
steel abrasion, low MP
7 Silicon steel 0.4 – 0.5 1–4 29 44 27 Ship building
8 Copper steel 0.15 0.5 – 0.8 23 39 20 To increase ductility in
High tensile steels.
 HIGH SPEED TOOL STEEL
A. STELLITE, WITH
CO = 60%
Mo = 22%
Cr = 11%
Mn = 2%
Fe = 3%

B. TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
CARBON = 4%
W = 96%
C = 6%
W = 87%
Co = 6%
Fe = 1%
MAIN TYPES OF STRUCTURAL
STEEL
1. MILD STEEL
2. HARD STEEL (HIGH TENSILE)
3. HARD STEEL (FUSION WELD
ABLE)
4. TOR STEEL (HIGH TENSILE IN
COLD FORM)
5. PRE-STRESSED STEEL
 PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL

a. Physical Properties (As per PWD specification)

Yield Point (TSI) = 15 – 16
Ultimate Stress (TSI) = 28 – 33
Elongation (%) = Not More Than 20%

b. Composition
Copper = 0.2% TO 0.5%
Sulphur & phosphorous = Not More Than 0.06%
 PROPERTIES OF HARD STEEL

a. Physical Properties
Yield Point (TSI) = 23
Ultimate Stress (TSI) = 37 – 43
Elongation (%) = Not Less Than 18%

b. Composition
Carbon = Not more than 0.3%
Copper = 0.6%
Sulphur & phosphorous = Not More Than 0.5%
PROPERTIES OF HARD STEEL
(High tensile fusion welding quality)
a. Physical Properties
Yield Point (TSI) = 23
Ultimate Stress (TSI) = 37 – 43
Elongation (%) = 14%

b. Chemical Properties
C = 0.23%
Si = 0.35%
Mn = 1.8%
Cr = 1.0%
Ni = 0.5%
S = 0.06%
P = 0.06%
 TOR STEEL

Yield Point (TSI) = 0.2 % proof stress

Ultimate Stress (TSI) = 580 *N/mm2 and 550*N/mm2
(38 TSI) (36 TSI)
(bar size 10-16mm)
(bar size over 16mm)

Elongation (%) = 18% 20%

Note: *1 N/mm2 =145.04 PSI

 B.S. SPECIFICATIONS FOR
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR FLAT, ROUND AND
SQUARE BARS
Minimum yield strength, Rs, for thickness
Minimum
(in mm)
Tensile elongation, A, on
Over 16 upto Over 63 upto
strength Rm Upto & Over 40 upto & gauge length of Grade
& including and including
including 16 including 63 5.65So
40 100
N/mm2 N/mm 2 N/mm 2 N/mm 2 N/mm2 %
340/500 235 225 215 205 25 40A
340/500 235 225 215 205 25 40B
340/500 235 225 215 210 25 40C
340/500 235 225 215 215 25 40D
340/500 260 245 240 225 25 40E
430/580 275 265 255 245 22 43A
430/580 275 265 255 245 22 43B
430/580 275 265 255 245 22 43C
430/580 275 265 255 245 22 43D
430/580 275 265 255 245 22 43E
490/640 355 345 340 325 20 50A
490/640 355 345 340 325 20 50B
490/640 355 345 340 325 20 50C
490/640 355 345 340 325 20 50D
490/640 355 345 340 325 20 50E
550/700 450 430 415 - 19 55C
550/700 450 430 415 400 19 55EE
 B.S. SPECIFICATION OF
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical composition
Grade C Si Mn P S Nb V
% % % % % % %
40A 0.22 0.50 max. 1.60 0.050 0.050 - -
40B 0.20 0.50 max. 1.50 0.050 0.050 - -
40C 0.18 0.50 max. 1.50 0.040 0.040 - -
40D 0.16 0.50 max. 1.50 0.040 0.040 - -
40EE 0.16 0.10/0.50 1.50 0.030 0.030 - -
43A 0.25 0.50 max. 1.60 0.050 0.050 - -
43B 0.21 0.50 max. 1.50 0.050 0.050 - -
43C 0.18 0.50 max. 1.50 0.040 0.040 - -
43D 0.16 0.50 max. 1.50 0.040 0.040 0.003/0.10 0.003/0.10
43EE 0.16 0.10/0.50 1.50 0.030 0.030 - -
50A 0.23 0.50 max. 1.60 0.050 0.050 0.003/0.10 0.003/0.10
50B 0.20 0.50 max. 1.50 0.050 0.050 0.003/0.10 0.003/0.10
50C 0.20 0.50 max. 1.50 0.040 0.040 0.003/0.10 0.003/0.10
50D 0.18 0.10/0.50 1.50 0.040 0.040 0.003/0.10 0.003/0.10
50DD 0.18 0.10/0.50 1.50 0.040 0.040 0.003/0.10 0.003/0.10
50EE 0.18 0.10/0.50 1.50 0.040 0.030 0.003/0.10 0.003/0.10
50F 0.16 0.10/0.50 1.50 0.025 0.025 0.003/0.08 0.003/0.08
55C 0.22 0.60 max. 1.60 0.040 0.040 0.003/0.10 0.003/0.20
55EE 0.22 0.10/0.50 1.60 0.040 0.030 0.003/0.10 0.003/0.20
55F 0.16 0.10/0.50 1.50 0.025 0.025 0.003/0.08 0.003/0.10
 STANDARD WT. OF BARS
MILD STEEL ROUND BARS FOR BEAMS
Sr. No. Diameter of bar Weight per foot Circumference
1 3/16 0.094 0.59
2 ¼ 0.167 0.79
3 5/16 0.261 0.98
4 3/8 0.375 1.18
5 7/16 0.311 1.37
6 ½ 0.667 1.57
7 5/8 1.043 1.96
8 ¾ 1.502 2.36
9 7/8 2.044 2.75
10 1 2.670 3.14
11 1-1/8 3.380 3.54
12 1¼ 4.170 3.92
13 1-3/8 5.050 4.32
14 1½ 6.010 4.71
15 1¾ 8.190 5.50
16 2 10.700 6.28
 PRE-STRESSED STEEL
a. Physical properties
Yield strength requirements
Minimum stress at 1 percent
Nominal diameter Initial stress,
extension, psi
(in.) psi
Type BA* Type WA**
0.192 29 000 A 200 000
0.196 29 000 192 000 200 000
0.250 29 000 192 000 192 000
0.276 29 000 A 188 000

Tensile Strength Requirements

Minimum stress at 1 percent extension, psi
Nominal diameter (in.)
Type BA*
0.192 A 250 000
0.196 240 000 250 000
0.250 240 000 240 000
0.276 a 235 000

Note: These sizes are not commonly furnished type BA wire

* Type BA (Button Anchorage)
**Type WA (Wedge Anchorage)
b. Chemical properties

Element % Contents
Carbon 0.72 to 0.93
Manganese 0.40 to 1.10
Phosphorus 0.040
Silicon 0.050
0.10 to 0.35
 CONCRETE
Requirement of compressive strength of concrete (Psi)
as per BSS
Laboratory Tests Work Tests
Nominal
Type
Mix
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days

A 1:1:2 4000 6000 3000 4500

B 1:1.5:3 3350 5000 2500 3750
C 1:2:4 2700 4000 2000 3000
 TESTING OF CONCRETE

a. Destructive Test.
• Core Drilling etc.

b. Non-destructive.
• Schmidth Hammer.
• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Tester.
 PRE-CASTED UNITES FITTING & FIXTURES
1. Pre-stressed pre-casted concrete components.
2. Sanitary fittings and sanitary wares
3. Electrical fitting & fixtures.
4. Electrical wires & cables.
5. PVC, water supply pipes and Tanks
6. PVC sewerage pipes.
7. Water pumps and Turbines
8. Concrete pavers
9. Floor tiles
10. Structural steel
11. Doors & windows
12. Termicide Firm
13. Paints & emulsions
14. GI Pipes
15. U.PVC pipes
16. Polyethylene pressure pipes
17. Doors and Doors panels
18. Aluminum components
19. Wall paneling materials
20. False ceiling material
21. Vinyl floor tiles
22. Light polls and panels
23. G.I. / C.I. Pipes
ROAD CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL
(1) The properties of Water, Portland Cement,
Aggregates, Steel and Bricks for use in Road
Construction are quite similar to those to be used in
Building Construction.

(2) The material to be used as binding material in

asphaltic concrete is bitumen.

(3) The Bitumen of grade 60/70 is normally used

for Asphalt concrete and 80/100 for T.S.T.
 PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
Required
Sr.
Test Performed Evaluated
No.
60-70 80-100

1. Penetration at 25 ͦ C (77 ͦ F) 60-70 80-100

2. Flash point (Cleveland open cup) ͦ C 232 ͦ min 232 ͦ C min

100 cms.. 100 cms..
3. Ductility at 25 ͦ C (77 ͦ F) 5cms/minute.. cms
minimum minimum
4. Softening point (ring ball) 44 ͦ C- 54 ͦC 41 ͦ C- 51 ͦC

5. Solubility %age 99 % minmum 99 % minmum

6. Specific gravity at 25 ͦ C 1.01 – 1.06 1.01 – 1.06

7. Los on heating 163 ͦ C, 50 gms, 5hrs% 0.8 % maximum 1.0 % maximum

i. Ductility of residue at 25 ͦ C, 5cms/minute 50 cms minimum 75 cms minimum

ii. Penetration of residue % of origional 54 % minimum 50 % minimum

Should not foam Should not foam
8. Foaming
before 175 ͦ C before 175 ͦ C
TESTING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE

Determination of Bitumen contents = As per Job Mix Design

Gradation of Aggregate = As per Job Mix Design

Field Compaction of Asphaltic = 97% (min.)

Thickness = As per Pavement Design

 PAVEMENT DESIGN
1. Pavement Design requires following parameters:
(a) Soil strength (CBR)
(b) Life of road
(c) Traffic data / ESAL (equivalent standard Axial
Load.

2. Following tests conducted for Pavement Design:

(a) Sieve analysis test
(b) Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit
(c) P.I. value
(d) Soil Classification
(e) Maximum dry/lab density & OMC %age
(f) Soaked CBR test
(g) Field compaction test
FACTOR EFFECTING THE DURABILITY
OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE

1. CARBONATION
2. SEA WATER
3. SULPHATE ACTION
4. ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
(a) Alkali Silica - Reaction
(b) Alkali Carbonate - Reaction
LOW COST HOUSING
 TYPES OF HOUSING

1. FRAME STRUCTURE
2. BRICK STRUCTURE
3. MUD HOUSES
 COMPONENTS OF
A LOW COST HOUSE
1. PLANNING AND ORIENTATION
2. FOUNDATION
3. DAMP PROOF COARSE (DPC)
4. FLOORS
5. BRICKS
6. WALLS
7. ROOFS
8. WOOD
9. PLASTER
10. CEMENTING MATERIALS
11. FITTINGS & FIXTURES
PLANNING & ORIENTATION
1. The orientation of a building is a very
important while planning the
construction.
2. The orientation should be such that
the building is to be well ventilated.
3. The orientation should be designed in
a way that maximum sun light may
enter in winter and minimum in
summer.
 FOUNDATION
1. The foundation has two components:
a) Foundation Base
b) Foundation masonry
 a) Foundation Base

Should be consisted of one of the

following:
(i) Lean concrete 1:7:20 (6” thick pad)
cement:sand:brick bats
(ii) 12” thick pad of sand
(iii)12” thick pad of brick ballast
(iv)6” sand and 6” brick ballast pad
with 3% lime
 b) Foundation Masonry

(i) Mud can be used as mortar in

foundation masonry i.e. equally good.
(ii) The vitrified or D-shaped bricks to be
used.
(iii)Low strength bricks up to 500 psi can
be used.
 DAMP PROOF COARSE
(D.P.C.)
1. DPC provided on foundation
masonry.
2. 1:2:4 concrete coarse can be deleted.
3. The foundation masonry can be
leveled by plastering.
4. This surface can be coated with
bitumen two times. Over bitumen
coating polythene sheet is provided.
 FLOORS
1. 4” sand cushion provided.
2. 4” cushion of 1:6:12 lean concrete is
provided over sand cushion.
3. The size of brick bats to be used in
lean concrete should be ¾” to 2”.
4. The sand cushion and lean concrete
should be well compacted.
5. 1:2:4 concrete is provided on lean
concrete with at least 2” thickness.
 BRICKS
Following types of bricks can be used:
1. Katcha bricks (sun dried).
2. Stabilized clay bricks with 10%
cement.
3. Burnt clay bricks
4. Hollow concrete blocks
5. Solid concrete blocks
 WALLS
1. Walls can be made of materials
detailed in previous slide.
2. As per British Standard Specifications
for double storey, the bricks with
strength 435 psi to 507 psi can be
used.
3. The width of wall may be kept up to 9”
which is equally good.
 ROOFS
The following type of roof can be selected:
1. RCC slab roof.
2. RBC roof.
3. RCC slab with beam.
4. 1st class mud roofing (batten roof with double tile).
5. 2nd class mud roofing (batten roof with single tile).
6. 3rd class mud roofing (batten roof with Sarkanda).
7. T-roofing (steel + tile roofing)
8. Pre-cast, pre-stressed concrete roofing
 WOOD
The following types of wood can be
selected:
1. Hard wood
(a)Kikar wood
(b)Shisham wood
(c) Neem wood
(d)Mango/Jaman wood
(e)All other type of hard wood
2. Soft wood
 WOOD
2. Soft wood
(a) Deodar wood
(b) Kail wood
(c) Pertal wood
(d) Papular wood
(e) Safaida wood
PRESERVATION OF WOOD
Each wood can be preserved from
attack of termite by using the following
insecticide chemicals:
1. Fipronil
2. Immida chloprid
3. Chloroperiphos
4. Bi-Phenthrine
 PLASTER
The following material can be selected
for plaster:
1. Mud plaster
2. Mud lime plaster
3. Lime plaster
4. Gypsum plaster
5. Mud gypsum plaster
6. Cement : sand plaster (1:6)
7. Cement : sand plaster (1:10) subject
to curing for 28-days.
 CEMENTING MATERIAL
The cementing material required for
mortar should be 175 psi strength.
Therefore, following material can be
selected for mortar cement:
1. Mud
2. Mud lime
3. Lime
4. Gypsum
5. Mud gypsum
6. Cement : sand (1:6)
7. Cement : sand (1:10) subject to
curing for 28-days.
 FITTINGS & FIXTURES
There is a wide range of fittings &
fixtures available in the prevailing
market. The price of the items depends
on the quality as well as aesthetic look of
the material, therefore, such items
should be selected as per financial
status of the consumers.
THANKS