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MATERIALS
CEMENT
CEMENT
DEFINITION
A cement is a binder, a substance
used for construction that sets,
hardens, and adheres to other
material to bind them together
2. SILICA
Silica also imparts strength to the cement.
If it is in excess, it increases the strength of the cement but also increase the setting
time of the cement.
CEMENT
6. Magnesia
It also imparts colour and hardness to the cement. It gives yellow tint to the cement.
If it is in excess it makes the cement unsound.
CEMENT
8. Alkali
Presence of alkalis in cement leads to the efflorescence and staining of the structure in
which the cement is used for construction.
Efflorescence – Alkali absorb moisture and reacts with it and leads to the development of white grey
spot over the surface of the structure
CEMENT
Manufacturing of Cement
1. Manufacturing of cement is carried out in 3 operations.
Mixing of raw ingredients
Burning
Grinding
Manufacturing of Cement
1. Manufacturing of cement is carried out in 3 operations.
Mixing of raw ingredients
Burning
Grinding
1. Tri-Calcium Silicate
This compound is formed with in a week on the addition of water in cement.
It is responsible for the development of strength of the concrete in its initial age.
If in any structure early development of strength is required proportion of tri-calcium
silicate is increased. For ex- prefabricate concrete construction, cold weather concrete,
where form work is to be removed early in speedy construction.
Heat of hydration of tri-calcium silicate is higher in comparison to di-calcium silicate
CEMENT
Bogues Compound
2. Di-Calcium Silicate
It is the last compound that is formed during the hydration process which may take an
year or so for its formation.
It is responsible for progressive strength of the concrete in its later stage, it means it
gives ultimate strength to the structure.
Heat of hydration is very less in this case.
Di-calcium silicate in high proportion is used in cement in hydraulic structure ( gravity
dams, canals etc.), bridges, mass concreting etc.
𝐶3 𝑆 gives faster rate of reaction accompanied by greater heat
evolution and gives early strength.
On the other hand, 𝐶2 𝑆 hydrate and hardens slowly and provides
much of the ultimate strength.
CEMENT
Bogues Compound
3. Tri-Calcium Aluminate
It is formed within 24 hours of the addition of water in the cement
This compound is responsible for maximum evolution of heat of hydration.
𝐶3 𝐴 is fast reacting with water and may lead to an immediate setting of paste and this
process is termed as flash set.
𝐶3 𝐴 provides weak resistance against sulphate attack.
CEMENT
Bogues Compound
It has been estimated that on an average 23% of water by weight of cement is required
for chemical reaction. This 23% of water chemically combines with cement and
therefore it is called bound water.
A certain quantity of water is imbided with in the gel course, this water is known as gel
water. It has been estimated that about 15% by weight of cement is required to fill up
the gel course.
Therefore a total of 38% of water by weight of cement is required for the complete
chemical reaction and occupy the space with in the gel course.
Test On Cement
CEMENT
Field test Lab test
Colour test Chemical composition test
Soundness test
Fineness test
FEILD TESTS
1. Colour Test
The cement should have uniform grey colour with a light greenish shade.
3. Lumps Test – the sample of the cement should be free from the presence of lumps
which are formed due to the absorbtion of moisture from the atmosphere by the cement.
4. Strength Test – Prepare a block of 25mm x 25mm x 200mm from the given sample of
the cement and immersed it in water for curing for 7 days, remove the block and placed it
over the support that are 150 mm apart. Subject the block to a point load of 340 N. It
should show no sign of failure under the application of this load.
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
1. Standard Consistency Test
The test estimate the quantity of
mixing water to form a cement paste
of normal consistency.
Normal consistency is defined as the
% water requirement of the cement
paste, the viscosity of paste will be
such that the vicat plunger
penetrates up to 33 mm to 53 mm
from the top (5 mm to 7 mm from
bottom) of the vicat mould.
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB TESTS
1. Standard Consistency Test
PROCEDURE
Take 500 gm of cement and mix it with 24% of water by weight in the first trail.
Remove all the air voids present in the sample
Release the 10 mm dia. Plunger gently to allow it to penetrate into the mould and gind
depth of penetration from the top.
For Ordinary cement, 33 to 35 mm penetration from the top corresponds to standard
consistency of cement
The % water corresponding to standard consistency is denoted by ‘P’.
Temperature 27⁰C ± 2⁰C and relative humidity 90%.
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
1. Standard Consistency Test
Initial and Final setting time
a. A cement paste is prepared with 500 gram of cement + 0.85 times the ‘P’ water (0.85P
water) to prepare the paste.
b. Cement paste is filled in Vicat apparatus
c. 1 sqmm needle is lowered gently and penetration is recorded.
d. Procedure is repeated until the needle fails to penetrate the mould by about 5 mm to 7
mm measured from the bottom of the mould.
e. Time period between the time when water was added to prepare the paste and whe
needle fails to penetrate the mould by 5 mm to 7 mm from bottom is taken as initial
setting time.
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
1. Standard Consistency Test
Initial and Final setting time
e. Now the needle is replaced by a needle with 5 mm diameter annular collar.
f. Time interval when the centre needle makes an impression on the sample but annular
collar fails to give impression to the same cement paste, is taken as the final setting time.
For OPC –
Initial Setting Time = 30 min
Final Setting Time = 10 hours
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
1. Soundness Test
For OPC, the change in any dimension should not be greater than
0.8%.
0.8
i.e. 25 × = 0.2 𝑚𝑚, therefore, Final dimension ≥
100
25.2 mm
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
2. Strength Test
Standard Compressive Strength test
A Sample of cement (185 gm) is mixed with standard sand (555 gm) in proportion of
𝑃
1:3 by weight is mixed for 1 minute and then water + 3.5 % is added and mixed
4
until the paste becomes uniform colour.
Mould is filled completely with cement paste and is placed on the vibration table for
compaction.
3 specimen cubes are prepared of size 70.6 mm.
After 24 hours cubes are removed from the mould and submerged in cleaned water
for desired days.
Load is applied on the cube in UTM until the specimen fails.
Compressive strength is calculated from the crushing load divided by average area
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
2. Strength Test
Standard Compressive Strength test
NOTE
≈ 50% of 28 day ≈ 2/3 of 28 days
strength strength
3 days (𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 ) 7 days (𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 ) 28 days (𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 )
OPC 33 grade 16 23 33
OPC 43 grade 23 33 43
OPC 53 grade 27 37 53
PPC 16 23 33
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
2. Strength Test
Tensile Strength test
There is no test to measure the tensile strength of the cement
directly.
o Procedure
Briquette method is the indirect method to measure the tensile
strength of the cement.
Mixture of cement and sand is prepared in 1:3 at % of water is
𝑃
+ 2.5 %
5
In this test 12 numbers of standard briquette are prepared to
measure the tensile strength of cement.
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
2. Strength Test
Tensile Strength test
4. Fineness Test
Fineness of the cement is tested in order to check its extent of grinding that directly effect
the rate of hydration, rate of gain of strength and rate of evolution of heat.
Fineness of the cement can be tested by any of the following method:-
a. Sieve test (using 90 µ sieve)
b. Air permeability test. (Nurse and Blain test)
c. Sedimentation method.
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
4. Fineness Test
a. Sieve test (using 90 µ sieve)
100 g of cement sample is taken & lumps in the sample are broken fingers.
Sample is placed on a 90 µ sieve & continuously sieve for 15 min & note the weight of the
residue left over the sieve after the test.
𝑚2
For OPC, 𝑆𝑆𝐴 ≮ 225
𝑘𝑔
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
5. Heat of Hydration Test
Heat of hydration of cement is measured by Calorimeter.
𝐶3 𝐴 865
𝑗
𝑔𝑚
> 𝐶3 𝑠 500
𝑗
𝑔𝑚
> 𝐶3 𝐴𝐹 420
𝑗
𝑔𝑚
> 𝐶2 𝑆 260
𝑗
𝑔𝑚
Rate of hydration
𝐶3 𝐴𝐹 > 𝐶3 𝐴 > 𝐶3 𝑆 > 𝐶2 𝑆
Test On Cement
CEMENT
LAB. TESTS
6. Chemical Composition Test
Ratio of alumina to that of iron oxide should no be less than 0.6
𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3
≮ 0.66
𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
Types Of Cement
• Ordinary • RHC • Sulphate resisting cement • High Alumina • Hydrophobic • IRS T-40
Portland • Extra RHC • Super Sulphate Cement Cement cement Cement
Cement • Quick Setting Cement • Portland Slag Cement
• PPC
Types Of Cement CEMENT
Uses
Emergency repair works
In rigid pavement construction
Where formwork is to be remove early to ensure further construction.
In cold weather condition where rate of hydration is slow due to low temperature.
Types Of Cement CEMENT
Uses
This cement is not used these days because it is seen that chlorine creates cracks.
Types Of Cement CEMENT
Uses
Construction in stagnant and running water.
Types Of Cement CEMENT
Uses –
Marine structures
Sewage treatment plant
Foundation and basement in the soil having higher concentration of sulphate.
Types Of Cement CEMENT
Uses –
Marine structures
Sewage treatment plant
Foundation and basement in the soil having higher concentration of sulphate.
Types Of Cement CEMENT
Uses
Mass Concreting (dams, foundation walls, piles etc.)
Types Of Cement CEMENT