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[A] BASIC
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
Materials
Cement
Brick, Stone
Natural & Artificial sand
Reinforcing steel – mild, tor & high tensile steel
Concrete types– PCC, RCC, Prestressed & precast
Introduction to smart material
Recycling of materials
Basic materials and their uses
Basic materials used in construction are
cement, sand, bricks, stone and steel
Cement –As a binding material
Sand- used in mortar or concrete
Bricks and stones – for masonry work.
Steel- for reinforcement concrete and
fabrication of steel doors, windows, fixtures
and fastners
Cements
•3CaO+Al2O+SiO2+3CaO+SiO2+4CaO
• +Al2O3+Fe2O3+other minerals
7
1-CEMENT
lime stone + clay
physical properties of cement
1- fineness-OPC-Surface area not less than
2250cm2/gm
2-setting time-
a) Initial setting time-30min
b) Final setting time-3 to 6 hrs
3-compressive strength -3days-16N/mm2
7days-22 N/mm2
4-soundness-not more than 10 mm
Cements
•3CaO . SiO2
•3CaO . Al2O3
9 Time
Cements
of heat generation
Type 5: Good sulphate
resistance + =
10
Cements Reaction
•Hydration reaction
Cement occur
11
types of cement
A) Portland cements-
1-ordinary Portland cement-all types of constn,less resistance
to chemical attack
2-rapid hardening Portland cement-after 3 days it is same as 7
days strength of OPC
3- low heat cement –slower rate of reaction
4-sulphate resisting cement-
5-portland blast furnace slag cement-used for dams,bridges &
foundation & more resistant to sulphate attack-decoration &
architectural finish,it is costly
6-white and colored cement
B) Super Sulphate cement-resistant to sea
water
C) Natural cement- not used
D) High alumina cement-it is not attacked by
carbon dioxide therefore for manufacture of
RCC pipes
properties of brick
1-size and shape
2-water absorption
3-strength-35 kg/cm2
4-colour
Manufacture of bricks
Selection of site
Preparation of clay
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
TYPES OF BRICKS
first class
second class
third class
uses of bricks-
1) In masonry work
2) Flooring material
3) Constn of roads
4) First class bricks used in face work of the bldg
5) Broken bricks used as a aggregate in lime concrete
Stone
Stone is always obtained from rocks, which a solid portion
of earth crust.
The rocks quarried from quarries is called as stone.
Quarried stone may be in the from of stone slab, stone
blocks, stone aggregates, stone lintels, stone flags.
Stone has to be properly dressed & shaped before it is
used at the place of work.
Aggregate
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Classification of rocks
Geological classification:- Igneous rocks,
Sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks.
Physical classification:- Stratified rocks,
unstratified rocks, laminated rocks
Chemical classification:- Siliceous rocks,
argillaceous rocks, calcareous rocks
Classification based on hardness of the stones:-
Very hard rock, hard rock, medium rock and soft
rock.
Uses of stones
Broken stones & stone chips are used in foundation,
for floor of buildg. Railway ballast & road metal
Stone blocks are mainly used In walls & for
ornamental facing work.
Quartzite is used for rubble masonry, road metalling
& also used as a aggregates
Lime stone slabs used for flooring, paving,roofing
Granite:-for bridge abutments, piers & kitchen ota
Marble :- for extreme superior work eg. TajMahal
Sand
Sand
23
Sand
It is a form of silica (siliceous+ argillaceous),
formed due to decomposition of sandstones due
to various weathering actions.
Natural (obtained from pits, river beds, shores)&
artificial sand (by crushing of stones)
Fine sand (sand which pass through IS. 4.75mm
size sieve) & coarse sand( that retain on
IS.4.75mm size sieve)
Increases volume of mortar & makes the mortar
economical.
Requisites for Good Sand
CEMENT+SAND+COARSE
AGGREGATES+WATER
It is workable mixture which can be easily
transported, placed & compacted to attend
maximum strength.
Properties of concrete depends upon
properties of ingredients.
Concretes
32
Concretes
Concretes = a particular composite in which both the
particular and the matrix are ceramic material
Concretes = Portland Cement + Sand +Aggregate
(A cementation reaction between water and the mineral in cement provide a
strong matrix and good compressive strength)
Cements
Sand
Aggregate
33
Properties of Concrete
34
Properties of Concrete
35
Properties of Concrete
36
Concrete Construction
37
Grades of concrete
M10 1:3:6(culvert, retaining walls, conc.
floors)
M15 1:2:4(for general RCC. work)
M20 1:1.5:3(water tank & bridge
construction)
M25 1:1:2(heavily loaded RCC. structures)
M30 and above (heavy structures)
Classification of concrete
45
Uses of precast concrete
Mortar Concrete
Cement+fine Cement+fine
aggregates+water aggregates+coars
Mortar used for aggregates+water
masonry work & +water
plastering works, also Used for RCC. & PSC.
used for grouting works
Introduction to smart material
Piezoelectric material
Electrostrictive material
Magnetostrictive material
Shape memory alloy
Optical fibres
Asphalt
Asphalt is bitumen.
Bitumen is the organic binder, composed of
HC with low melting point thermoplastic
polymers and oils.
Asphalt mix is composite of aggregate and
bitumen.
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Asphalt Mix
58
Asphalt construction
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Electrostrictive material
This material has same properties to
that of piezoelectric material, but only
the change is that mechanical change
is equal to square of electrical field
Piezoelectric material
Magnetostrictive material
68
Woods structure
Cross sectional
Wood surface •portion of a round cross
section, clearly reveals an
nual growth rings.
Radial Surface
•cutting along a radius
of a round cross section
Tangential Surface
•cutting at a tangent to the growth
rings, or the surface you would see if
you were to view the outside of a log
69
Woods structure
Annual Ring
trees grow in both diameter and height during growth
periods that are interrupted by periods of rest.
70
Woods VS water
Water caused negative effect to wood
Wood, if not predried, will dry while in use under uncontrolled conditions
giving rise to warp, bow, twist, and similar defects.
Wet wood is susceptible to attack by decay and stain fungi.
Water must be removed to provide
71
Wood shrinkage
Wood is an anisotropic material (having different
properties in 3 dimensions)
Three Dimensions in which Wood Shrinks
R
Tangential = 4.7% to 12.7%
Shrinkage
T
R
T
72
Mechanical Properties of woods
Wood strength depends on density
Given a high efficiency when subject to tensile strength
parallel to the fiber direction
Wood species Tensile // fiber Tensile radial Compress // fiber Compress radial
(MN.m-2 ) (MN.m-2 ) (MN.m-2 ) (MN.m-2 )
Maple 108 8 54 10
Oak 78 6 43 6
Pine 73 2 33 3
73
Comparison of the specific strength
74
Wooden house
75
Unit-II
Chapter no-4
1) Foundation
2) Plinth-
3) D.P.C.-Layer between substr &
superstr
foundation
Definition of foundation
Bearing capacity
ultimate bearing capacity:- It is the capacity of soil
before to failure in shear
Safe bearing capacity= ultimate bearing capacity/
factor of safety
F.O.S. for temporary structure=1.5 to 2, For footing=
2 to 3, for piles=2 to 6 & for rocky strata=5 to 10
Sketch of foundation
Functions of foundation
1) Unequal
settlement of sub soil
2) Withdrawal of Moisture from sub soil
3) Horizontal movement of soil mass
4) Atmospheric action
5)Transpiration of trees & shrubs
Types of foundation
Shallow & deep foundation
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
1.Spread Footing
2.Wall Footing/Strip footing
3.Isolated Column Footing/Pad footing
4.Combined Footing
5.Cantilever or strap Footing
6.Mat or Raft Foundation
7.Grillage foundation
Deep foundation
1.Spread Footing
1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Wind load
4.Earthquake load
TYPES OF LOAD
4.Earthquakeforce = w.α/g
Types
1) Brick
2) Stone
Sr No Brick Stone
1 Used brick & mortar for Used stone & mortar for
constn constn