Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUMMARY
Parts of speech
Major classes Minor classes
Nouns Prepositions
Verbs Conjunctions
Adjectives Pronouns
Adverbs Determiners, Numerals
Positional
Nominal: S, O, C
Adjectival: Attribute (Modifier)
Verbal: Tenses, aspect, mood, voice
Adverbial: Adverb (Modifier)
Noun phrases
Premodification Postmodification
Identifier, numeral Relative clause
quantifier, non-finite clause
Adjective Prepositional phrases
noun modifier
Verb phrases
Tenses: Present simple, past simple, future simple
Aspect: Perfect/imperfect
Mood: Permission, ability, possibility, advice, etc.
Voice: Active and passive
Verbs (vgrp)
Sentence patterns
Linking Transitive Intransitive
Intensive Monotransitive
Ditransitive
1/Monotransitive prepositional verbs:
Ex: They talked about her story.
2/Ditransitive prepositional verbs:
Ex: The picture reminds me of my country.
Troublesome verbs
• Get, go, appear, etc.
Ex: He gets to school. (Vi)
He gets some food in the supermarket. (Vt)
He gets old after the sad news. (Vl)
Adjective phrases
Non-finite clause Prepositional phrase
Premodifier Postmodifier
The doctor treating her works in Dong Nai.
The long white Italian dress
The tree behind the house
The trunk full of clothes
Adverb phrases
Non-finite clause Prepositional phrase
Arriving in London, they were tired.
Broken into pieces, the bowl is priceless.
They rested under the tree.
Prepositional phrases
Adjective phrases Adverb phrases
The man in front of her (AP)
The man stopped in front of her. (AdvP)
NP Conj NP
A N’ N’
N N
Handsome students and teachers.
Meaning 2: Both students and teachers are
handsome.
NP
A’ NP
A N’ Conj N’
N N
Handsome students and teachers.
+ They are reading books.
Meaning 1:
S
NP VP
Pro V NP
A N’
N
They are reading books.
Meaning 2:
NP VP
Pro V NP
Aux V N
They are reading books.
SOME NOTES
+ Vgrp [monotrans/ditrans/monotrans-prep/
ditrans-prep/complex/intens/intrans]
- She gets some food.
- Jack gave me a pen.
- They talked about the book.
- They told me about the book.
- We made him angry.
- The boy was nice.
- The girl is sleeping.
+ Empty [E]
It is stated that before a non-fine clause there
is an empty element (the hidden subject of
the action).
[E ] to learn English
[E] learning English
[E] learn English
[E] arrested by the police
When [E] in the USA (verbless), he met her.
Þ stands for hidden determiners or
complementisers.
He took some books/ He took the books.
> He took Þ books.
They decided that they should write a letter.
> They decided Þ they should write a
letter.
> They decided Þ [E] to write a letter.
There are many kinds of adverbs. In the sentences,
adverbs are often optional.
AdvP = opAdv of Manner/Location/ Degree/Time,
etc.
op = optional
S
NP VP
NP VP