Chapter 13Evolution

13.1-Voyage of Charles Darwin

I. Voyage of the Beagle
A. Beliefs before he left
II. The voyage
A. Galapagos Islands
2. Darwin’s finches
 B. The question
1. Why did the plants and animals of the Galapagos Islands
resemble the plants and animals of the coast of S.A.
2. If each plant and animal was designed for a particular
environment, then why are there not the same animals and
plants on islands with similar environments

13.2-Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of

I.
evolution
Evolution: Descent with Modification
A. Descent with modification
1. All present day species arose from previous ancestors
B. Darwin proposed natural selection as the mech. of evolution
1. Artificial Selection
a. 1st observation by Darwin
2. Natural selection
a. Members of a pop. vary in the traits they have inherited

b. Organism have a capacity to produce more offspring than

the environment can sustain
II. Lets Sum up
A. 3 key points to evolution by natural selection
1. Individuals DO NOT evolve
2. Natural selection can only amplify or diminish heritable
traits 3. Evolution is not goal directed
B. 3 key points to natural selection
1. Natural selection is an editing process, NOT a creative one
2. Natural selection is contingent on time and place
3. Evolutionary change can occur in a short time
C. So, how could we define evolution by natural selection
13.3-Observing natural selection in action
I. Pesticide resistance
II. Peppered Moth
A. The peppered moth
1. Up to 1850’s
2. around 1850
 3. Why did this event occur?
a. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
provides a hypothesis
b. Color change coincided with the increase in the number
of factories in England
III. Antibiotic resistance
A. Penicillin
1. Who?
2. When?
3. What?
13.4/13.5-The Evidence for evolution
I. Understanding the fossil record
A. Fossils are any traces of dead organisms
1. Footprints, insects trapped in sap, bones
 B. Dating Fossils
1. Strata
2. Radioactive atoms
a. Contains an unstable combination of protons and
neutrons
1. Since it is unstable it will  into a more stable atom of
anothermeasure
b. Scientists elementthe amount of radioactive decay of
radioactive atoms
1. Rate of decay of a radioactive element is constant
a. Measured as a half-life
1. The amount of time it takes for one-half of the
radioactive atom to decay
2. Example-carbon 14
a. Found in all living things
b. Half-life =5,730
c. 12g sample will have 6g left after 5,730
II. Biogeography
A. Galapagos Islands
1. Species on island resemble species on coast more than they
resemble species on similar islands farther away
III. Comparative anatomy
A. Comparing the way organisms are put together provides
important evidence of evolution
B. Homologous structures
1. example

a. appear to be very different, BUT

C. Vestigial structures
1. pelvis of a whale, eyes of cave salamanders
D. Transitional forms link new species to old
1. Intermediate forms between old and new
2. Tiktaalik (tic-TAH-lick)
a. 375 million years old
3. Hand fish
IV. Molecular biology
A. Concrete evidence for showing relatedness between species
1. Descent with modification
2. If species have changes over time, then their genes will
also change over time
a. The more time has passed the more genes will change
b. The more closely related 2 species are the more their
DNA will be similar
3. Are all life forms related?
a. Molecular biology provides strong evidence
1. All life forms use the same DNA, RNA, & genetic code
2. Bacteria and humans have many genes in common
B. DNA & protein
1. Compare the protein cytochrome c
a. essential for cellular respiration
b. human & chimps identical in all 104 AA
c. human & dogs differ by 13 AA
d. human & rattlesnake differ by 20 AA
 e. What does this show
1. chimps are very closely related to humans
2. dogs are more closely related to humans than
rattlesnakes
13.9-Showing Evolution Hardy-Weinberg Equation
I. Intro
A. Natural selection
1. What does natural selection directly act on genetically?
a. Traits
2. Traits are a result of what?
a. Genes
3. Genes are made of what?
a. Alleles
4. So, natural selection indirectly acts on what?
a. Alleles
B. Populations
1. A group of individuals of the same species living in the same
place at the same time
2. Remember individuals do not evolve, populations evolve
 a. We can measure evolution as a change in heritable traits
in a population over time
1. Which means a change in alleles
3. How can we measure a Δ in a population look at the gene
pool
a. Gene pool
1. All the alleles within a population for a particular trait
2. Represented as a frequency
a. If there is any change in allele frequency over a
number of generations than evolution has occurred
II. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
A. Basic Principle
1. Tests whether a population is evolving
B. Allele frequencies
1. % of alleles within a given population compared to total # of
alleles in a population
a. Remember that each individual has ? alleles/loci
b. p= Dominant allele
q= recessive allele
2. When dealing with 2 or more alleles/loci, sum of all
frequencies must equal 1 (100%)
a. p + q = 1
3. Example
RR = Red rr = White Rr = pink
355 individuals RR
35 individuals rr
191 individuals Rr
581 individuals
How many alleles in the population?
1162
How many R alleles are there and how many r alleles?
R= (355 ind. X 2) + 191 ind. = 901
r= (35 ind. X 2) + 191 ind. = 261
What is the frequency of p & q?
p = 901/1162 = .77
q = 261/1162 = .22
Double check yourself p+q=1
III. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
A. Describes a gene pool of a population that is not evolving
1. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
a. Allele & genotype frequencies do not ∆ from generation
to generation
B. The equation
1. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (genotype frequencies)
a. p2  Expected frequency of homozygous dominant
b. q2  Expected frequency of homozygous recessive
c. 2pq  Expected frequency of heterozygous
C. Conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
1. If the population is not evolving (allele frequencies are not
changing over generations) then these 5 conditions are
being met
a. No mutations
b. Random mating
c. No natural selection
d. Extremely large population size
e. No Migration
2. If allele frequencies are changing over generations
(evolution) then one or more of the following conditions is
not met
 D. Applying the Hardy-Weinberg principle
1. Must assume 5 conditions are being met
In the town of Thomasville, 73% of Thomasens have extreme
intelligence, a dominant trait. Complete the following information
about this population.
q2 =
q=
p=
p2 =
2pq=
73% have the dominant trait = 73% are RR & Rr
Which means that 27% are rr
SO
q2= .27 (frequency of homozygous recessive trait)
q= the √ of .27 = .52
p= 1-q = 1-.52 = .48
p2= .482 = .23
2pq= 2(.48)(.52) = .50
Double Check Your Answer p2+2pq+q2=1 .28+.50+.22=1
23% of the human population has a recessive trait. What are the
genotypic & allelic frequencies of the population?
q2= .23
q= .48
p= .52
p2= .27
2pq= .50
3/7 Warm-up Activity

Seventy-five years ago, the antibiotic penicillin killed over 90% of

bacteria. Today, penicillin kills only 20% of bacteria. Name the
mechanism by which the evolution of the bacteria population is
occurring.
4/7 Warm-up activity
Explain the relationship between evolution and natural selection