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W
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h
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Fl fo re by
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• Lumped/hydrologic
-Flow is calculated as a function of
time alone at a particular
Types of location
-Governed by continuity equation
Flow and flow/storage relationship
Routing • Distributed/hydraulic
-Flow is calculated as a function
of space and time throughout the
system
-Governed by continuity and
momentum equations
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The Saint Venant Equations were
formulated in the 19th century by two
mathematicians, de Saint Venant and
Saint Bousinnesque.
Venant
Equations The solution of the St. Venant
equations is known as dynamic
routing, which is generally the
standard to which other methods are
measured or compared.
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•Continuity equation
Q A Q-Discharge through the channel
0 A-Area of cross-section of flow
x t y- Depth of flow
S0-Channel bottom slope
•Momentum Equation Sf- Friction slope
1 Q 1 Q 2 y
g g ( So S f ) 0
A t A x A x
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na n t
f o r S t. Ve
pt io n s
s u m
As n s ligible
u a t io ns ar
e n eg
Eq -dimensional d ve r
t ic a l a c ce
le ra t io
is o.ne v ails an
•Flow p r e
p r e ssure
ic
y d ro s ta t i s smal
l.
•H r e
e c u rvatu s mall. ffects
a m l in n e l is n c e e
•Stre t h e ch a n e r esist
a
of r ib
m s lope d t o desc
•Botto io n i s us
e
a t
in g ’s equ
n le
•Man p r essib
o m
lu id is inc
f
•The 8
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Q = inflow to the control volume
q = lateral inflow
Q Rate of change of flow
with distance
x
Q
Q dx Outflow from the C.V.
x
( Adx )
Change in mass
t
Reynolds transport theorem
d
dt
0 d V .dA
c .v . c.s .
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Momentum Equation
From Newton’s 2nd Law:
Net force = time rate of change of
momentum
d
F dt Vd VV .dA
c .v . c.s.
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Numerical techniques for the solution of expanded
Saint-Venant equations can be given as:
(i)method of characteristics
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◦ The finite difference methods can
further be classified as explicit and
implicit techniques, each of which
holds distinct numerical
characteristics. A major advantage of
the implicit finite difference method
over the method of characteristic and
the explicit finite difference
technique is its inherent stability
without the requirement to satisfy
the Courant condition,, which sets
the criteria for the maximum
allowable time step. This requirement
to satisfy Courant condition often
makes the method of characteristics
and explicit techniques very
inefficient in terms of the use of
computer time.
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