DIESEL ENGINE

Teknik Kendaraan Ringan

Semester 5 th Class XII
Kompetensi Kejuruan
SK-KD 5TH
1
DIAGRAM ALUR PENCAPAIAN KOMPETENSI
 DIESEL ENGINE

 In 1894, German inventor Rudolph

Diesel developed the first single-
cylinder diesel engine.
 He signed a multi-million dollar deal
with Adolphus Busch, head of brewery
empire, to manufacture the diesel
engine.
 However, he lost his fortune, and in
1913, mysteriously was found dead
after going overboard a boat. Suicide
was one speculation, but also
assassination by Kaiser Wilhelm’s
agents, fearing that Diesel, with WW I
looming, would sell the engine to
England

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 The Combustion Cycle

 The four-stroke combustion cycle of the diesel

engine is composed of the intake stroke,
compression stroke, power stroke, and the exhaust
stroke.
 The diesel engine operates through the motion of
compression pistons in inside the cylinders of the
engine.
 Pistons inside the cylinders are connected by rods
to a crankshaft. As the pistons move up and down
in their cylinders, they cause the crankshaft to
rotate.
 The crankshaft’s rotational force is carried by a
transmission to a drive shaft, which turns axles,
causing the wheels to rotate.

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 The Intake Stroke
 During the intake stroke, the intake
valve opens as the piston moves
down to allow air into the cylinder.
 The air is pushed by atmospheric
pressure into the cylinder through
the intake valve port.

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 The Compression Stroke
 After the piston reaches its lower
limit, it begins to move upward and
as the piston moves up, the intake
valve closes.
 The exhaust valve is also closed, so
that at this point in the cycle, the
cylinder is sealed.
 As the piston moves upward, the air
is compressed and the compression
of the air causes the pressure and
the temperature of the cylinder to
increase.

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 The Power Stroke

 As the piston reaches maximum

compression of the air, diesel fuel is
injected to the combustion chamber
filled with compressed air.
 The heat of the compressed air
ignites the fuel spontaneously at the
self-ignition temperature of the fuel.
 As the cylinder pressure increases,
the piston is forced down into the
cylinder.
 The power impulse is transmitted
down through the piston, through
the connecting rod, and to the
crankshaft, which is rotated due to
the force.

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 The Exhaust Stroke

 As the piston reaches the bottom

of its stroke, the exhaust valve
opens.
 As the piston moves up on the
exhaust stroke, it forces the
burned gases out of the cylinder
through the exhaust port.
 Then as the piston reaches the
top of its stroke, the exhaust
valve closes, and the intake valve
opens.
 The cycle repeats again with the
intake stroke.

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 Efficiency

 One positive aspect of the diesel engine is

that they are thermally efficient.
 The improved efficiency is caused by the
relatively high compression ratios
 The diesel engine is 54% thermally efficient,
while gasoline engines are only 34%.
 As a result of diesel engines thermally
efficiency, they are able to achieve better gas
mileage because they produce greater
horsepower output for fuel intake.

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 Fuel Economy

 One main reason for the diesel engine’s excellent fuel

economy is that it burns far more air than fuel.
 In a gasoline engine, it’s air intake is carefully
restricted and controlled by the carburetor for a 15:1
air to fuel ratio.
 However, in the diesel engine, the air intake is
unrestricted.

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 Durability

 Diesel engines are also capable of running high

miles without major engine work.
 Truck diesel engines can run 250,000 or even
500,000 miles without major engine work.
 In 1978, Mercedes-Benz launched a “Great Diesel
Search” to find the highest mileage diesel in the
United States.
 Robert O’Reilly drove his 1957 Mercedes-Benz 180D
1,184,000 miles, 750,000 on its original engine.
 Another owner drove his 1968 Mercedes-Benz 220 D
912,000 miles, 902,000 miles on its original engine.

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 Compression Ratio

 The diesel engine compresses at a very high ration of

14:1 to 25:1.
 The higher the compression ratio, the more power is
generated.
 The main limiting factor to compression ratio is
based on the knock limits of the fuel.
 Knock is the term used to describe the auto ignition
that occurs when a fuel ignites because the pressure
in the cylinder is such that combustion occurs.
 The knock limit of the fuel is determined by the point
at which the engine begins to shake.
 The higher the knock limit, the higher the
compression ratio, the more power is generated.

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 Advantages of a Diesel Engine

 Low maintenance, greater efficiency, high power

output, and better fuel economy under all types of
loads.
 Does not require a spark plug to ignite fuel, it relies
on the spontaneous combustion through the heat of
compression to ignite the diesel fuel.
 Because of this type of combustion, a diesel engine
are built more ruggedly and heavily built than the
gas engine.
 The ruggedness of the diesel engine gives a two to
three times longer life than the gas engine, which
has a life of around 100,000 miles.

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 Disadvantages
 Components of diesel engines are usually heavier that
those of gasoline engines because of the additional
structural strength needed to obtain the higher
compression ratio and power output.
 They can emit large amounts of ozone-forming
constituents and particulates.
 Because of diesel engines’ weight and compression ratio,
they tend to have lower maximum RPMs than gasoline
engines.
 This makes diesel engines has high torque rather than high
horsepower, and this tends to make cars with diesel engines slow in
terms of acceleration.
 Diesel fuel is not as readily available at all locations as
gasoline tends to be.
 Diesel engines are harder to start in cold weather
conditions, because it is difficult to get the temperature
inside the cylinder up to the self-ignition temperature of
the diesel fuel.

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 Emissions

 The most harmful emission from diesel engines are

the nitrogen oxides.
 The problem of nitrogen oxide (NO) production in
diesel engines comes from the early rapid burning,
which produces very high-temperature products.
 As a result of the pollutants from diesel engines, they
are subject to increasingly stringent regulations that
require continual improvements in the combustion
process.

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 Main Differences of Gas and Diesel

 The main difference between a gasoline engine and a

diesel engine is that in a diesel engine, there is no
spark plug to ignite the fuel.
 Diesel fuel is injected into the cylinder, and it ignites
spontaneously as the heat and pressure of the
compression stroke cause the temperature inside the
cylinder to increase.
 The other major difference between the two types of
engines is in the gas mileage.
 As a result of diesel fuel having a higher energy
density than gasoline, diesel engines get higher gas
mileage.

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 DIESEL COMPONENTS

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 COMBUSTION CHAMBER TYPE
( DIRECT INJECTION )

Semi Spherical Type

Spherical Type

Multi Spherical Type

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 INDIRECT INJECTION TYPE

Glow
Plug

Nozzle

Piston

SWIRL CHAMBER TYPE PRECOMBUSTION CHAMBER TYPE

( AIR CELL )

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 IN – LINE INJECTION PUMP

IN – LINE INJECTION PUMP

Feed
Hole

Control
groove

Driving
face

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 DISTRIBUTOR INJECTION PUMP ( VE )

VE : “ VERTEILER EINSPRITZ )

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 DISTRIBUTOR INJECTION PUMP ( VE )
( SCEMATIC )

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 FUEL FILTER

FUEL FILTER PARTS

From Fuel To Injection
1. Priming Pump
Tank Pump

2. Filter

3. Water Sendimeter

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 NOZZLE

NOZZLE PARTS

1.Pressure spring
2.Nozzle Needle
3.Nozzle Body
4.Adjusting Shim
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 PRE HEATING SYSTEM

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Bibliography:

Bosch Injection Pump Repair Book

Toyota Technician, Toyota Astra Motor

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Presented by Anang Waskito
SMK Negeri 1 Magelang