Chapter 6:

Structural Analysis

Engineering Mechanics: Statics

 Chapter Objectives
 To show how to determine the forces in the
members of a truss using the method of joints
and the method of sections.
 To analyze the forces acting on the members of
frames and machines composed of pin-
connected members.
 Chapter Outline
 Simple Trusses
 The Method of Joints
 Zero-Force Members
 The Method of Sections
 Space Trusses
 Frames and Machines
 6.1 Simple Trusses
 A truss is a structure composed
of slender members joined
together at their end points
 Joint connections are formed by
bolting or welding the ends of
the members to a common
plate, called a gusset plate, or
by simply passing a large bolt
or pin through each of the
members
 6.1 Simple Trusses
Planar Trusses
 Planar trusses lie on a single plane and are used
to support roofs and bridges
 The truss ABCD shows a typical roof-supporting
truss
 Roof load is transmitted to
the truss at joints by
means of a series of
purlins, such as DD’
 6.1 Simple Trusses

Planar Trusses
 The analysis of the forces developed in
the truss members is 2D
 6.1 Simple Trusses
Planar Trusses
 For a bridge, the load on the deck is first
transmitted to the stringers, then to the floor
beams, and finally to the joints B, C and D of the
two supporting trusses
 Like the roof truss, the bridge truss loading is
also coplanar
 6.1 Simple Trusses
Planar Trusses
 When bridge or roof trusses extend over large
distances, a rocker or roller is commonly used for
supporting one end, Eg: joint E
 This type of support allows freedom for
expansion or contraction of the members due to
temperature or application of loads
 6.1 Simple Trusses
Assumptions for Design
1. “All loadings are applied at the joint”
 Assumption true for most applications of bridge
and roof trusses
 Weight of the members neglected since forces
supported by the members are large in
comparison
 If member’s weight is considered, apply it as a
vertical force, half of the magnitude applied at
each end of the member
 6.1 Simple Trusses

Assumptions for Design

2. “The members are joined together by
smooth pins”
 Assumption true when bolted or
welded joints are used, provided the
center lines of the joining members
are concurrent
 6.1 Simple Trusses
Assumptions for Design
 Each truss member acts as a
two force member, therefore
the forces at the ends must be
directed along the axis of the
member
 If the force tends to elongate
the member, it is a tensile
force
 If the force tends to shorten
the member, it is a
compressive force
 6.1 Simple Trusses
Assumptions for Design
 Important to state the nature
of the force in the actual
design of a truss – tensile or
compressive
 Compression members must
be made thicker than tensile
member to account for the
buckling or column effect
during compression
 6.1 Simple Trusses

Simple Truss
 To prevent collapse, the
form of a truss must be rigid
 The four bar shape ABCD
will collapse unless a
diagonal member AC is
added for support
 The simplest form that is
rigid or stable is a triangle
 6.1 Simple Trusses

Simple Truss
 A simple truss is
constructed starting with
a basic triangular
element such as ABC
and connecting two
members (AD and BD) to
form an additional
element
 6.2 The Method of Joints

 For design analysis of a truss, we need to

obtain the force in each of the members
 Considering the FBD, the forces in the
members are internal forces and could not be
obtained from an equilibrium analysis
 Considering the equilibrium of a joint of the
truss, a member force becomes an external
force on the joint’s FBD and equations of
equilibrium can be applied
 This forms the basis for the method of joints
 6.2 The Method of Joints

 Truss members are all straight two

force members lying in the same plane
 The force system acting at each joint is
coplanar and concurrent
 Rotational or moment equilibrium is
automatically satisfied at the pin
 ∑Fx = 0 and ∑Fy = 0 must be satisfied
for equilibrium
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Method of Joints
 Draw FBD
 Line of action of each member force acting on
the joint is specified from the geometry of the
truss since the force in a member passes along
the axis of the member
Example
 Consider pin at joint B
 Three forces: 500N force and forces
exerted by members BA and BC
 6.2 The Method of Joints

 FBA is “pulling” on the pin, meaning the

member BA is in tension
 FBC is “pushing” on the pin, meaning the
member BC is in compression
 The pushing and pulling indicates the effect of
the member being either in tension or
compression
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Determining the Correct Sense of the Unknown

Member
 Always assume the unknown member forces
acting on the joint’s FBD to be in tension
- The numerical solution of the equilibrium will
yield positive scalars for members in tension and
negative scalars for members in compression
- Use the correct magnitude and sense of the
unknown member on subsequent FBD
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Determining the Correct Sense of the Unknown

Member
 The correct sense of a direction of an unknown
force can be determined by inspection
- FBC must push on the pin (compression) since
its horizontal component must balance the 500N
force
- FBA is a tensile force since it balances the
vertical component of FBC
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Determining the Correct Sense of the Unknown

Member
 The correct sense of a direction of an unknown
force can be determined by inspection
- In more complicated problems, the sense of the
member can be assumed
- A positive answer indicates that the assumed
sense is correct and a negative answer indicates
that the assumed sense must be reversed
 6.2 The Method of Joints
Procedure for Analysis
 Draw the FBD of a joint having at least one
known force and at most two unknown forces
 If this joint is at one of the supports, determine
the external reactions at the truss support
 Use one of two methods for determining the
correct sense of the member
 Orient the x and y axes so that the forces on the
FBD can be easily resolved into x and y
components
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Procedure for Analysis

 Apply ∑Fx = 0 and ∑Fy = 0
 Solve for unknown members forces and verify
their correct sense
 Continue to analyze each of the other joints
 Once the force in a member is found from the
analysis of the joint at one of its end, the result
is used to analyze the forces acting on the other
end
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Example 6.1
Determine the force in each member of the
truss and indicate whether the members are
in tension or compression.
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
 Two unknown member forces at joint B
 One unknown reaction force at joint C
 Two unknown member forces and two
unknown reaction forces at point A
 6.2 The Method of Joints
Solution
Joint B

   Fx  0;
500 N  FBC sin 45 N  0
FBC  707.1N (C )
   Fy  0;
FBC cos 45 N  FBA  0
FBA  500 N (T )
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
Joint C
   Fx  0;
 FCA  707.1cos 45 N  0
FCA  500 N (T )
   Fy  0;
C y  707.1sin 45 N  0
C y  500 N
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
Joint A
   Fx  0;
500 N  Ax  0
Ax  500 N
   Fy  0;
500 N  Ay  0
Ay  500 N
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
 FBD of each pin shows the effect of all the
connected members and external forces
applied to the pin
 FBD of each member
shows only the effect
of the end pins on the
member
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Example 6.2
Determine the forces acting in all the
members of the truss.
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
 Two unknowns at each joint
 Support reactions on the truss must be
determined
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
Joint C

   Fx  0;
 FCD cos 30 kN  FCB sin 45 kN  0
 

   Fy  0;
1.5kN  FCD sin 30 kN  FCB cos 45 kN  0
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
Joint C
 Fx '  0;
1.5 cos 30 kN  FCB sin 15 kN  0
FCB  5.02kN
 Fy ''  0;
1.5 cos 30 kN  FCD sin 15 kN  0
 

FCD  4.10kN
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
Joint D
   Fx  0;
 FDA cos 30 kN  4.10 cos 30 kN  0
FDA  4.10kN (T )
   Fy  0;
FDB  2(4.10 sin 30 kN )  0
FDB  4.10kN (T )
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
 From the FBD of joint B, sum the forces in
the horizontal direction
FBA = 0.776kN (C)
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Example 6.3
Determine the force in each member of the
truss. Indicate whether the members are in
tension or compression.
 6.2 The Method of Joints
View Free Body Diagram
Solution
Support Reactions
   Fx  0;600 N  C x  0
C x  600 N
 M C  0; Ay (6m)  400 N (3m)  600 N (4m)  0
Ay  600 N
   Fy  0; FDB  2(4.10 sin 30 )  0
FDB  4.10kN (T )
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
Joint A
   Fx  0;
3
FAD  (750 N )  0
5
FAD  450 N (T )
   Fy  0;
4
600 N  FAB  0
5
FAB  750 N (C )
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
Joint D
   Fx  0;
3
 450 N  FDB  600 N  0
5
FDB  250 N
Negative sign: reverse sense of FDB
FDB  250 N (T )
   Fy  0;
4
 FDC  (250 N )  0
5
FDC  200 N (C )
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
Joint C

   Fx  0;
FCB  600 N  0
FCB  600 N (C )
   Fy  0;
200 N  200 N  0(check )
 6.2 The Method of Joints
Solution
FBD
 6.3 Zero-Force Members
 Method of joints is simplified when the
members which support no loading are
determined
 Zero-force members (support no loading )
are used to increase the stability of the
truss during construction
and to provide support
if the applied loading is
changed
 6.3 Zero-Force Members
 Consider the truss shown
 From the FBD of the pin at point A,
members AB and AF become
zero force members
*Note: Consider the FBD of
joints F or B, there are
five unknowns and the
above conclusion
would not be reached
 6.3 Zero-Force Members
 Consider FBD of joint D
 DC and DE are zero-force members
 As a general rule, if only two members
form a truss joint and no external load or
support reaction is
applied to the joint, the
members must be
zero-force members
 6.3 Zero-Force Members

 The load on the truss shown in fig (a)

is therefore supported by only five
members as shown in fig (d)
 6.3 Zero-Force Members
 Consider the truss shown
 From the FBD of the pin of the joint D, DA
is a zero-force member
 From the FBD of the pin of the joint C, CA
is a zero-force member
 6.3 Zero-Force Members
 In general, if three members form a truss
joint for which two of the members are
collinear, the third member is a zero-force
member provided no
external force or support
reaction is applied to the joint
 The truss shown is
suitable for
supporting the load P
 6.3 Zero-Force Members

Example 6.4
Using the method of joints, determine all the
zero-force members of the Fink roof truss.
Assume all joints are pin connected.
 6.3 Zero-Force Members
View Free Body Diagram

Solution
Joint G   F  0; FGC  0
y

GC is a zero-force member
meaning the 5kN load at C
must be supported by CB, CH, CF and CD

Joint D
 Fx  0; FDF  0
 6.3 Zero-Force Members
Solution
Joint F

   Fy  0; FFC cos   0
  90 , FFC  0
Joint B
 Fx  0;2kN  FBH  0
FBH  2kN (C )
 6.3 Zero-Force Members

Solution
FHC satisfy ∑Fy = 0 and therefore HC is not a
zero-force member
 6.4 The Method of Sections
 Used to determine the loadings
within a body
 If a body is in equilibrium, any part
of the body is in equilibrium
 To determine the forces within the
members, an imaginary section
indicated by the blue line, can be
used to cut each member into two
and expose each internal force as
external
 6.4 The Method of Sections
 It can be seen that equilibrium
requires the member in tension (T) be
subjected to a pull and the member in
compression (C) be subjected to a
push
 Method of section can be used to cut
or section members of an entire truss
 Apply equations of equilibrium on that
part to determine the members
 6.4 The Method of Sections

 Consider the truss shown

 To determine the force in the member
GC, section aa would be considered
 6.4 The Method of Sections

 Consider the FBD

 Note the line of action of each member force is
specified from the geometry of the truss
 Member forces acting on one part of the truss
are equal and opposite to those acting on the
other part – Newton’s Law
 6.4 The Method of Sections

 Members assumed to be in tension (BC

and GC) are subjected to a pull whereas
the member in compression (GF) is
subjected to a push
 Apply equations of equilibrium
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Determining the Correct Sense of the

Unknown Member
 Always assume the unknown member
forces in the cut section are in tension
- The numerical solution of the
equilibrium will yield positive scalars for
members in tension and negative
scalars for members in compression
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Determining the Correct Sense of the Unknown

Member
 The correct sense of a direction of an unknown
force can be determined by inspection
- In more complicated problems, the sense of the
member can be assumed
- A positive answer indicates that the assumed
sense is correct and a negative answer indicates
that the assumed sense must be reversed
 6.4 The Method of Sections
Procedure for Analysis
 Draw the FBD of a joint having at least one
known force and at most two unknown forces
 If this joint is at one of the supports, it ma be
necessary to know the external reactions at the
truss support
 Use one of two methods for determining the
correct sense of the member
 Orient the x and y axes so that the forces on the
FBD can be easily resolved into x and y
components
 6.4 The Method of Sections
Procedure for Analysis
Free-Body Diagram
 Decide how to cut or session the truss
through the members where forces are to
be determined
 Before isolating the appropriate section,
determine the truss’s external reactions
 Use the equilibrium equations to solve for
member forces at the cut session
 6.4 The Method of Sections
Procedure for Analysis
Free-Body Diagram
 Draw the FBD of that part of the sectioned
truss which has the least number of forces
acting on it
 Use one of the two methods for
establishing the sense of an unknown
member force
 6.4 The Method of Sections
Procedure for Analysis
Equations of Equilibrium
 Moments are summed about a point that lies at
the intersection of lines of action of the two
unknown forces
 The third unknown force is determined directly
from moment equation
 If two of the unknown forces are parallel, forces
may be summed perpendicular to the direction of
these unknowns to determine the third unknown
force
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Example 6.5
Determine the force in members GE, GC,
and BC of the truss. Indicate whether the
members are in tension or compression.
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Solution
 Choose section aa since it cuts through the
three members
 FBD of the entire truss
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
   Fx  0;400 N  Ax  0
Ax  400 N
 M A  0;
 1200 N (8m)  400 N (3m)  D y (12m)  0
D y  900 N
   Fy  0;
Ay  1200 N  900 N  0
Ay  300 N
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Solution
FBD of the sectioned truss
 6.2 The Method of Joints

Solution
 M G  0;
 300 N (4m)  400 N (3m)  FBC (3m)  0
FBC  800 N (T )
 M C  0;
 300 N (8m)  FGE (3m)  0
FGE  800 N (C )
   Fy  0;
3
300 N  FGC  0
5
FGC  500 N (T )
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Example 6.6
Determine the force in member CF of the bridge
truss. Indicate whether the member are in tension
or compression. Assume each member is pin
connected.
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Solution
FBD of the entire truss
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Solution
FBD of the sectioned truss
 Three unknown FFG, FCF, FCD
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Solution
Equations of Equilibrium
 For location of O measured from E
4 / (4 + x) = 6 / (8 + x)
x = 4m
 Principle of Transmissibility
 M O  0;
 FCF sin 45 (12m)  (3kN )(8m)  (4.75kN )( 4m)  0
FCF  0.589kN (C )
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Example 6.7
Determine the force in member EB of the roof
truss. Indicate whether the member are in
tension or compression.
 6.4 The Method of Sections
View Free Body Diagram
Solution
FBD of the sectioned truss
 6.4 The Method of Sections

Solution
 Force system is concurrent
 Sectioned FBD is same as the FBD for
the pin at E (method of joints)
 6.4 The Method of Sections
Solution
 M B  0;
1000 N (4m)  3000 N (2m)  4000 N (4m)  FED sin 30 (4m)  0
FED  3000 N (C )
   Fx  0;
FEF cos   3000 cos 30 N  0
FEF  3000 N (C )
   Fy  0;
2(3000 sin 30 N )  1000 N  FEB  0
FEB  2000 N (T )
 6.5 Space Trusses
 A space truss consists of members joined
together at their ends to form a stable 3D
structure
 The simplest space truss is a tetrahedron,
formed by joined 6
members as shown
 Any additional members
added would be redundant
in supporting force P
 6.5 Space Trusses
Assumptions for Design
 The members of a space truss may be
treated as two force members provided
the external loading is applied at the joints
and the joints consist of ball and socket
connections
 If the weight of the member is to be
considered, apply it as a vertical force, half
of its magnitude applied at each end of the
member
 6.5 Space Trusses
Procedure for Analysis
Method of Joints
 To determine the forces in all the members of
the truss
 Solve the three scalar equilibrium ∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy =
0, ∑Fz = 0 at each joint
 The force analysis begins at a point having at
least one unknown force and at most three
unknown forces
 Cartesian vector analysis used for 3D
 6.5 Space Trusses
Procedure for Analysis
Method of Sections
 Used to determine a few member forces
 When an imaginary section is passes through a
truss and the truss is separated into two parts,
the below equations of equilibrium must be
satisfied
∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0, ∑Fz = 0
∑Mx = 0, ∑My = 0, ∑Mz = 0
 By proper selection, the unknown forces can be
determined using a single equilibrium equation
 6.5 Space Trusses

Example 6.8
Determine the forces acting in the members
of the space truss. Indicate
whether the members are
in tension or compression.
 6.5 Space Trusses
View Free Body Diagram
Solution
Joint A    
P  {4 j }kN , FAB  FAB j , FAC   FAC k

  rAE 
FAE  FAE  
 rAE 
  
 FAE (0.577i  0.577 j  0.577k )


 F  0;
   
P  FAB  FAC  FAE  0
     
 4 j  FAB j  FAC k  0.577 FAE i  0.577 FAE j  0.577 FAE k  0
 6.5 Space Trusses
Solution
Joint A
 Fx  0; RB cos 45  0.707 FBE  0
 Fy  0;4  RB sin 45  0
 Fz  0;2  FBD  0.707 FBE  0

RB  FBE  5.66kN (T )
FBD  2kN (C )
To show
FDE  FDC  FCE  0
 6.6 Frames and Machines

 Composed of pin-connected multi-force

members (subjected to more than two
forces)
 Frames are stationary and are used to
support the loads while machines
contain moving parts, designated to
transmit and alter the effects of forces
 Apply equations of equilibrium to each
member to determine the unknown
forces
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Free-Body Diagram
 Isolate each part by drawing its outlined
shape
- show all the forces and the couple
moments that act on the part
- label or identify each known and
unknown force and couple moment with
reference to the established x, y and z
coordinate system
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Free-Body Diagram
- indicate any dimension used for
taking moments
- equations of equilibrium are easier to
apply when the forces are represented
in their rectangular coordinates
- sense of any unknown force or
moment can be assumed
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Free-Body Diagram
 Identify all the two force members in the
structure and represent their FBD as
having two equal but opposite collinear
forces acting at their points of application
 Forces common to any contracting
member act with equal magnitudes but
opposite sense on the respective members
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Free-Body Diagram
- treat two members as a system of
connected members
- these forces are internal and are not
shown on the FBD
- if the FBD of each member is drawn, the
forces are external and must be shown on
the FBD
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.9
For the frame, draw the free-body
diagram of
(a) each member,
(b) the pin at B and
(c) the two members
connected together.
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Part (a)
 members BA and BC are not two-force
members
 BC is subjected to 3 forces, the resultant force
from pins B and C and
the external P
 AB is subjected to the
resultant forces from the
pins at A and B and the
external moment M
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Part (b)
 Pin at B is subjected to two forces, force of the
member BC on the pin and the force of
member AB on the pin
 For equilibrium, these
forces and respective
components must be
equal but opposite
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Part (b)
 But Bx and By shown equal and opposite
on members AB ad BC results from the
equilibrium analysis of
the pin rather from
Newton’s third law
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Part (c)
 FBD of both connected members without the
supporting pins at A and C
 Bx and By are not shown since
they form equal but
opposite collinear pairs
of internal forces
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Part (c)
 To be consistent when applying the equilibrium
equations, the unknown force components at A
and C must act in the same sense
 Couple moment M can be
applied at any point on
the frame to determine
reactions at A and C
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.10
A constant tension in the conveyor belt is
maintained by using the device. Draw the
FBD of the frame and
the cylinder which
supports the belt.
The suspended black
has a weight of W.
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
 Idealized model of the device
 Angle θ assumed known
 Tension in the belt is the same on
each side of the cylinder since it is
free to turn
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
 FBD of the cylinder and the
frame
 Bx and By provide equal but
opposite couple moments on
the cylinder
 Half of the pin reactions at A
act on each side of the frame
since pin connections occur
on each side
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.11
Draw the free-body diagrams of each part of
the smooth piston and link mechanism used
to crush recycled cans.
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
 Member AB is a two force member
 FBD of the parts
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
 Since the pins at B and D connect only two
parts together, the forces are equal but
opposite on the separate FBD of their
connected members
 Four components of the force act on the
piston: Dx and Dy represent the effects of
the pin and Nw is the resultant force of the
floor and P is the resultant compressive
force caused by can C
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.12
For the frame, draw the free-body diagrams of (a)
the entire frame including the pulleys and cords, (b)
the frame without the pulleys and cords, and (c)
each of the pulley.
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
Part (a)
 Consider the entire frame, interactions at
the points where the pulleys and cords
are connected to the frame
become pairs of internal
forces which cancel
each other and not
shown on the FBD
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
Part (b) and (c)
 When cords and pulleys are removed,
their effect on the frame must be
shown
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.13
Draw the free-body
diagrams of the bucket and
the vertical boom of the back
hoe. The bucket and its
content has a weight W.
Neglect the weight of the
members.
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
 Idealized model of the assembly
 Members AB, BC, BE and HI are two
force members
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
 FBD of the bucket and boom
 Pin C subjected to 2 forces, force of
the link BC and force of the boom
 Pin at B subjected to three forces,
force by the hydraulic cylinder and
the forces caused by the link
 These forces are related by
equation of force equilibrium
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Equations of Equilibrium
 Provided the structure is properly
supported and contains no more supports
and members than necessary to prevent
collapse, the unknown forces at the
supports and connections can be
determined from the equations of
equilibrium
 The selection of the FBD for analysis are
completely arbitrary and may represent
each of the members of the structure, a
portion or its entirety.
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Equations of Equilibrium
 Consider the frame in fig (a)
 Dismembering the frame in fig (b), equations
of equilibrium can be used
 FBD of the entire frame in fig (c)
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Procedures for Analysis
FBD
 Draw the FBD of the entire structure, a portion
or each of its members
 Choice is dependent on the most direct solution
to the problem
 When the FBD of a group of members of a
structure is drawn, the forces at the connected
parts are internal forces and are not shown
 Forces common to two members which are in
contact act with equal magnitude but opposite
sense on their respective FBD
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Procedures for Analysis
FBD
 Two force members, regardless of their shape,
have equal but opposite collinear forces acting
at the ends of the member
 In many cases, the proper sense of the
unknown force can be determined by
inspection
 Otherwise, assume the sense of the unknowns
 A couple moment is a free vector and can act
on any point of the FBD
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Procedures for Analysis
FBD
 A force is a sliding vector and can act at any
point along its line of action

Equations of Equilibrium
 Count the number of unknowns and compare
to the number of equilibrium equations
available
 In 2D, there are 3 equilibrium equations written
for each member
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Procedures for Analysis
Equations of Equilibrium
 Sum moments about a point that lies at the
intersection of the lines of action of as many
unknown forces as possible
 If the solution of a force or couple moment
magnitude is found to be negative, it means
the sense of the force is the reserve of that
shown on the FBD
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.14
Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of the force which the pin C
exerts on member CB
of the frame.
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
Method 1
 Identify member AB as two force member
 FBD of the members AB and BC
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
 M C  0;
2000 N (2m)  FAB sin 60 (4m)  0
FAB  1154.7 N
   Fx  0;
1154.7 cos 60  C x  0
C x  577 N
   Fy  0;
1154.7 sin 60 N  2000 N  C y  0
C y  1000 N
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
Method 2
 Fail to identify member AB as two
force member
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Member AB
 M A  0;
Bx (3sin 60 m)  B y (3 cos 60 m)  0
   Fx  0;
Ax  Bx  0
   Fy  0;
Ay  B y  0
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Member BC
 M C  0;
2000 N (2m)  B y (4m)  0
   Fx  0;
Bx  C x  0
   Fy  0;
B y  2000 N  C y  0

B y  1000 N ; Bx  577 N ; C x  577 N ; C y  1000 N

 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.15
The compound beam is pin connected at B.
Determine the reactions at its support.
Neglect its weight and thickness.
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
 FBD of the entire frame
 Dismember the beam into two segments
since there are 4 unknowns but 3 equations
of equilibrium
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Segment BC
   Fx  0;
Bx  0
 M B  0;
 8kN (1m)  C y (2m)  0
   Fy  0;
B y  8kN  C y  0
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Member AB
   Fx  0;

Ax  (10kN )   Bx  0
3
5
 M A  0;

M A  (10kN ) (2m)  B y (4m)  0

4
5
   Fy  0;

Ay  (10kN )   B y  0
4
5

Ax  6kN ; Ay  12kN ; M A  32kN .m; Bx  0; B y  4kN ; C y  4kN

 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.16
Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of the force which the pin at C
exerts on member ABCD of
the frame.
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
 Member BC is a two force member
 FBD of the entire frame
 FBD of each member
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Entire Frame

 M A  0;981N (2m)  Dx (2.8m)  0

Dx  700.7 N
   Fx  0; Ax  700.7 N  0
Ax  700.7 N
   Fy  0; Ay  981N  0
Ay  981N
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Member CEF

 M C  0;981N (2m)  ( FB sin 45 )(1.6m)  0

FB  1734.2 N
   Fx  0;C x  (1734.2 cos 45 N )  0
C x  1226 N
   Fy  0; C y  (1734.2 sin 45 N )  981N  0
C y  245 N
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Example 6.17
The smooth disk is pinned at D and has a weight of
20N. Neglect the weights of others member,
determine the horizontal and vertical components
of the reaction at pins B and D
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
 FBD of the entire frame
 FBD of the members
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Entire Frame

 M A  0;20 N (3cm)  C x (3.5cm)  0

C x  17.1N
   Fx  0; Ax  17.1N  0
Ax  17.1N
   Fy  0; Ay  20 N  0
Ay  20 N
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Member AB

   Fx  0;17.1N  Bx  0
Bx  17.1N
 M A  0;20 N (6cm)  N D (3cm)  0
N D  40 N
   Fy  0;20 N  40 N  B y  0
B y  20 N
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Disk

   Fx  0;
Dx  0
   Fy  0;
40 N  20 N  Dy  0
Dy  20 N
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.18
Determine the tension in the cables
and also the force P required to
support the 600N force using the
frictionless pulley system.
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
 FBD of each pulley
 Continuous cable and
frictionless pulley =
constant tension P
 Link connection between
pulleys B and C is a two
force member
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Pulley A
   Fy  0;3P  600 N  0
P  200 N
Pulley B
   Fy  0;T  2 P  0
T  400 N
Pulley C
   Fy  0; R  2 P  T  0
R  800 N
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.19
A man having a weight of 750N supports
himself by means of the cable and
pulley system. If the seat has a
weight of 75N, determine the force
he must exert on the cable at A and
the force he exerts on the seat.
Neglect the weight of the cables
and pulleys.
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
Method 1
 FBD of the man, seat and pulley C
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Man
   Fy  0;TA  N S  750 N  0
Seat
   Fy  0;TE  N S  75 N  0
Pulley C
   Fy  0;2TE  TA  0

TA  550;TE  275 N ; N E  200 N

 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
Method 2
 FBD of the man, seat and pulley C as
a single system
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
   Fy  0;3TE  75 N  750 N  0
TE  275 N

   Fy  0;TE  N S  75 N  0

   Fy  0;2TE  TA  0

TA  550; N E  200 N
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.20
The hand exerts a force of 35N on the grip of the
spring compressor. Determine the force in the
spring needed to maintain equilibrium of the
mechanism.
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Solution
 FBD for parts DC and ABG
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Lever ABG
 M B  0; FEA (25mm)  35 N (100mm)  0
FEA  140 N
Pin E
   Fy  0; FEA sin 60  FEF sin 60  0
FED  FEF  F
   Fx  0;2 F cos 60  140 N  0
F  140 N
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Arm DC
 M C  0;
 Fs (150mm)  140 cos 30 (75mm)  0
Fs  60.62 N
 6.6 Frames and Machines

Example 6.21
The 100kg block is held in equilibrium by
means of the pulley and the continuous
cable system. If the cable is
attached to the pin at B,
compute the forces which this
pin exerts on each of its
connecting members
 6.6 Frames and Machines
View Free Body Diagram
Solution
 FBD of each member of the
frame
 Ad and CB are two force
members
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Pulley B

   Fx  0; Bx  490.5 cos 45 N  0

Bx  346.8 N
   Fy  0; By  490.5 sin 45 N  490.5 N  0
By  837.3N
 6.6 Frames and Machines
Solution
Pin E 4
   Fy  0; FCB  837.3 N  490.5 N  0
5
FCB  1660 N
3
   Fx  0; FAB  (1660 N )  346.8 N  0
5
FAB  1343N
 Two force member BC subjected to bending as
caused by FBC
 Better to make this member straight so that the
force would only cause tension in the member
 Chapter Summary
Truss Analysis
 A simple truss consists of triangular
elements connected by pin joints
 The force within determined by assuming
all the members to be two force member,
connected concurrently at each joint
Method of Joints
 For the truss in equilibrium, each of its
joint is also in equilibrium
 Chapter Summary
Method of Joints
 For a coplanar truss, the concurrent force
at each joint must satisfy force equilibrium
 For numerical solution of the forces in the
members, select a joint that has FBD with
at most 2 unknown and 1 known forces
 Once a member force is determined, use
its value and apply it to an adjacent joint
 Forces that pull on the joint are in tension
 Chapter Summary
Method of Joints
 Forces that push on the joint are in
compression
 To avoid simultaneous solution of two
equations, sum the force in a direction
that is perpendicular to one of the
unknown
 To simplify problem-solving, first
identify all the zero-force members
 Chapter Summary
Method of Sections
 For the truss in equilibrium, each section is
also in equilibrium
 Pass a section through the member whose
force is to be determined
 Draw the FBD of the sectioned part having
the least forces on it
 Forces that pull on the section are in
tension
 Chapter Summary
Method of Sections
 Forces that push on the section are in
compression
 For a coplanar force system, use the three
equations of equilibrium for solving
 If possible, sum the force in a direction that is
perpendicular to two of the three unknown
forces
 Sum the moment about a point that passes
through the line of action of two of the three
unknown forces
 Chapter Summary
Frames and Machines
 The forces acting at the joints of a frame
or machine can be determined by drawing
the FBD of each of its members or parts
 Principle of action-reaction should be
observed when drawing the forces
 For coplanar force system, there are three
equilibrium equations for each member
Chapter Review
Chapter Review
Chapter Review
Chapter Review
Chapter Review