DR. S & S.

S GANDHY
1
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE , SURAT

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS

Group No :- 6
Topic: Velocity distribution ,smooth and
rough boundary , water hammer phenomenon

Presented by:-
Paras Kukadiya (160230106028)
Tanmay Mangukiya (160230106029)
Nikita Morker (160230106030)

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Content

• Velocity distribution
- Velocity Distribution For Turbulent Flow In Smooth &Rough
Pipes
- Velocity Distribution For Turbulent Flow In Terms of mean
Velocity
• Smooth and Rough Boundaries
• Water Hammer In Pipe

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 Velocity distribution for turbulent flow in smooth pipes
As per the prandtl’s universal velocity distribution for turbulent flow in pipe
given by ,
V∗
u = ln 𝑦 + C
k

• Case

1) If y=0 ( at boundary) , u = − ∞

2) If u=0 at y = y’
V∗
0 = ln 𝑦′ + C
k

V∗
C = ln 𝑦’
k

V∗ V∗
u= ln 𝑦 - ln 𝑦′
k k

V∗ 𝑦
u= ln
k 𝑦′
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 V∗ 𝑦
4
u= ln
k 𝑦′

Substitute k = 0.4 we get

V∗ 𝑦
u= ln
0.4 𝑦′

𝑦
u = 2.5 V*ln
𝑦′

u 𝑦
= 2.5 ln
V∗ 𝑦′

u 𝑦
= 2.5 x 2.3 log
V∗ 𝑦′

u 𝑦
= 5.75 log
V∗ 𝑦′

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 Velocity distribution for Laminar sub-layer in Smooth pipes :
𝑑𝑢 u
𝜏=𝜇 =𝜇
𝑑𝑦 y

𝑑𝑢 u
=
𝑑𝑦 y

dividing both sides by 𝜌,

𝜏 𝜇u
=
𝜌 𝜌y

𝑢 𝜏 𝜇
V*2 = 𝜗 ( shear velocity V* = ) (𝜗= )
𝑦 𝜌 𝜌

u V∗ 𝑦
= ( from y = 0 to y = 𝛿′ )
V∗ 𝜗

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• Case 6
u V∗ 𝛿′
1) For y = 𝛿′ = = 11.6
V∗ 𝜗

u V∗ 𝑦′
2) For y = y’ = = 0.108
V∗ 𝜗
0.108𝜗
y’ =
𝑉∗

𝑦′ 0.108
dividing eq. 1) by eq. 2) , =
𝛿′ 11.6
𝛿′
y’ =
107

0.108𝜗
Now, Substitute y’ =
𝑉∗

u 𝑦
= 5.75 log 0.108𝜗
V∗
𝑉∗

V∗y
= 5.75 log +5.50
ϑ

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 Velocity distribution for Turbulent flow in Rough pipes: 7
As per Nikuradse’s experiments , y’ proportional to the height of irregularities k.
k
The value of y’ for rough pipe, y’ =
30

u 𝑦
= 5.75 log
V∗ 𝑦′

u 𝑦
= 5.75 log k
V∗
30

u 𝑦
= 5.75 log + 5.75 log 30
V∗ k
𝑦
=5.75 log + 8.5
k

 Velocity distribution for Laminar flow in rough pipes :

• in case of rough boundary ,
Thickness of Laminar sub layer (𝛿′) is very small.
The surface irregularities are above the laminar sub-layer ,
Hence the laminar sub-layer is completely destroyed.
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Velocity distribution for turbulent flow in terms of mean 8
velocity
Consider ,
an elementry ring of thickness dr at a redial distance r from pipe
center. Or

from fig .

Distance y = R-r

Discharge through elementry ring ,

dQ = 2𝜋r x dr x u

Total discharge through pipe is,

𝑅
Q = ‫׬ = 𝑄𝑑 ׬‬0 𝑢 x 2π𝑟 x dr

Area of pipe = 𝜋R2

Average velocity,
𝑄 1 𝑅
Vavg = =
𝐴
‫׬‬0 𝑢 x 2π𝑟 x dr
𝜋𝑅2
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For smooth pipes 9
Velocity distribution is given by,
u V∗y
= 5.75 log +5.50
V∗ ϑ

Substitute the value of u , and y = R - r

𝑄 1 𝑅 V∗( 𝑅−𝑟)
Vavg = = ‫׬‬0 V ∗ (5.75 log +5.50 ) 2π𝑟 dr
𝐴 𝜋𝑅2 ϑ

Integrating and simplifying ,

Vavg V∗y
= 5.75 log +1.75
V∗ ϑ

For rough pipes

Velocity distribution is given by,
u 𝑦
=5.75 log + 8.5
V∗ k

Substitute the value of u , and y = R - r

𝑄 1 𝑅 V∗( 𝑅−𝑟)
Vavg = =
𝐴 𝜋𝑅2 0
‫ ׬‬V ∗ (5.75 log ϑ
+8.5 ) 2π𝑟 dr
Integrating and simplifying
Vavg 𝑅
= 5.75 log + 4.75 9
V∗ k
Difference of the velocity at any point and average velocity : 10
For smooth pipes :
Vavg V∗y
= 5.75 log +1.75 …1)
V∗ ϑ
u V∗y
= 5.75 log +5.50 …2)
V∗ ϑ

subtracting 1) from 2)
u−Vavg y
= 5.75 log +3.75
V∗ 𝑅

For rough pipes :

Vavg 𝑅
= 5.75 log + 4.75 …1)
V∗ k
u 𝑦
=5.75 log + 8.5 …2)
V∗ k

subtracting 1) from 2)
u−Vavg y
= 5.75 log +3.75
V∗ 𝑅

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 Near the smooth boundary, there
exists laminar sub-layer.
 Flow in the laminar sub-layer being
laminar.
It has a parabolic velocity distribution.
Thickness of the laminar sub-layer is
small. Velocity distribution is straight
line.
Transition Zone = flow changes from
laminar to turbulent
Beyond the transition zone the flow is
turbulent.
The velocity distribution is logarithmic
Laminar flow , u ~ y
Turbulent flow , u ~ log 𝑦
Source:https://slideplayer.com/slide/5684469/18/images/31/Turbulent+Velocity+Profile.jpg 11
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1) Gradual closure of valve
m= ρ xAx L
change of velocity
Retardation =
time
𝑉 −0
=
𝑡
Retarding force = mass x retardation
𝑉
= ρAL x … 1)
𝑡
Force due to pressure wave = pressure x Area of pipe
= p xA … 2)
equating two forces,
𝑉
p x A = ρAL x
𝑡
ρ𝐿𝑉
p=
𝑡
𝑊𝐿𝑉 𝑤
P=
𝑔𝑡
(ρ=
𝑔
)
𝑃 𝐿𝑉
= = pressure head
𝑤 𝑔𝑡
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If the pressure wave travel from valve to inlet and back again in
time t.
length of pipe
t=2x
Velocity of pressure wave
2L
=
a

a = 𝐾/ρ

Case :

1) The valve closure is said to be gradual

2L
if , t >
a
2) The valve closure is said to be sudden
2L
if , t<
a

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2)Sudden closure of valve ( pipe is elastic)
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pd
Longitudinal stress , f1 =
4t
pd
Circumferential stress, f2 =
2t
1
Strain energy stored per unit volume = [ f₁2 + f₂2 – 2 𝜇 f1 f2 ]
2E
1 pd 2 pd pd pd
= [ ( ) + ( )2 - 2𝜇 ( ) ( )
2E 4t 2t 4t 2t
take 𝜇 = 0.25
solve the equation get,
= p2 d2
8Et
Total volume = 𝜋dlt

Total strain energy = p2 d2 x 𝜋 dlt

8Et2
𝜋
= p2 dl x x d2
4
2Et2
p2 d l
= xA
2Et
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Kinematic energy = strain energy of liquid + strain energy of pipe material
1 p2 p2 dl
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ρAl x V2 = x Al + xA
2 2K 2Et
1
dividing both sides by Al
2

p2 p2 d
𝜌 V2 = +
K Et

ρ
p=Vx 𝐸𝑡+𝑑𝑘
𝑘𝐸𝑡

3) Sudden closure of valve ( pipe is rigid )

when the valve is suddenly, the kinetic energy of the flowing water is
converted into strain energy of water.
1
Loss of kinematic energy = m v2
2
1
= x ρAL x v2
2
p2
Gain of strain energy = x AL
2K

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Gain of strain energy = Loss of kinematic energy
p2 1
x AL = x ρAL x v2
2K 2
p2 = ρKV2
p = V Kρ
K
p = Vaρ (a= )
ρ

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 WATER HAMMER IN PIPES

• When water flowing in a long pipeline is suddenly

brought to rest by closing the valve, there will be sudden
rise in pressure due to momentum of moving fluid being
destroyed.

• This causes a wave of high pressure to be transmitted

along the fluid in pipe , creating noise known as
knocking.

• The sudden rise in pressure has the effect of hammering

action on walls of pipe. This phenomenon is known as
water hammer or hammer blow.

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Source :www.startribune./bangingcom-pipes-are-caused-by-water-
hammer/482641261/
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1 )Gradual closure of valve
m = ρ xAx L
change of velocity
Retardation =
time
𝑉 −0
=
𝑡
Retarding force = mass x retardation
𝑉
= ρAL x … 1)
𝑡
Force due to pressure wave = pressure x Area of pipe
=p xA … 2)
equating two forces,
𝑉
p x A = ρAL x
𝑡
ρ𝐿𝑉
p=
𝑡
𝑊𝐿𝑉 𝑤
P= (ρ= )
𝑔𝑡 𝑔
𝑃 𝐿𝑉
= = pressure head
𝑤 𝑔𝑡

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 If the pressure wave travel from valve to inlet and back
again in time t.

length of pipe
t=2x
Velocity of pressure wave
2L
=
a

a = 𝐾/ρ

Case :

1) The valve closure is said to be gradual

2L
if , t >
a
2) The valve closure is said to be sudden
2L
if , t<
a

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2)Sudden closure of valve ( pipe is elastic) 21
pd
Longitudinal stress , f1 =
4t
pd
Circumferential stress, f2 =
2t
1
Strain energy stored per unit volume = [ f₁2 + f₂2 – 2 𝜇 f1 f2 ]
2E
1 pd 2 pd pd pd
= [ ( ) + ( )2 - 2𝜇 ( ) ( )
2E 4t 2t 4t 2t
take 𝜇 = 0.25
solve the equation get,
= p2 d2
8Et
Total volume = 𝜋dlt
Total strain energy = p2 d2 x 𝜋 dlt
8Et2
𝜋
= p2 dl x x d2
4
2Et 2
p2 d l
= xA
2Et

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Kinematic energy = strain energy of liquid +
strain energy of pipe material

1 p2 p2 dl
ρAl x V2 = x Al + xA
2 2K 2Et

1
dividing both sides by Al
2

p2 p2 d
𝜌 V2 = +
K Et

ρ
p=Vx 𝐸𝑡+𝑑𝑘
𝑘𝐸𝑡

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3) Sudden closure of valve ( pipe is rigid )
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when the valve is suddenly, the kinetic energy of the flowing water is
converted into strain energy of water.

1
Loss of kinematic energy = m v2
2
1
= x ρAL x v2
2
p2
Gain of strain energy = x AL
2K

Gain of strain energy = Loss of kinematic energy

p2 1
x AL = x ρAL x v2
2K 2

p2 = ρKV2

p = V Kρ
K
p = Vaρ (a= )
ρ

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Smooth and Rough Boundaries

• In turbulent flow there is thin layer very close to

boundary in which the flow is laminar this layer is
called laminar sub layer.
• In this the viscous shear stress predominates.while
shear stress due to turbulance is negligible.
• K=average hight of irregularities projecting surface of
boundary
• §’=thickness of laminar sub layer

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• As the flow outside the laminar sub layer is
turbulent ,eddiesof various sizes present in
turbulent flow try to penetrate through the
laminar sub layer but due to greater thickness
of laminar sublayer eddies cannot reach the
surface irregularities and thus boundary act as
smooth boundary.

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• http://www.tutorhelpdesk.com/homeworkhelp/Fluid-Mechanics-/Hydrodynamically-Smooth-And-Rough-Boundaries-Assignment-Help.html

• When the average depth k of the surface

irregularities is less than laminar sub-layer of the
surface δ is called as hydrodynamic ally smooth
boundary.
• The eddy which formed outside of the laminar sub-
layer try to penetrate in the laminar sub-layer
boundary is called as smooth boundary 26
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• With the increase in reynolds number the thickness
of laminar sublayer decreases.if thickness of laminar
sublayer beacome much smaller than average height
k of irregularities the boundary will act as rough
boundary.
• the irregularitie will then project through the laminar
sublayer and the laminar sublayer is completely
destroyed.

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http://www.tutorhelpdesk.com/homeworkhelp/Fluid-Mechanics-/Hydrodynamically-Smooth-And-Rough-Boundaries-Assignment-Help.html

When the average depth k of the surface irregularities is greater than

laminar sub-layer of surface δ is called as hydrodynamic ally rough
boundary.

• The eddy which formed outside of the laminar sub layer penetrates
into the laminar sub-layer. Such boundary is called as rough boundary

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By Nikuradse’s experiments,

(1) When k / δ < 0.25 , smooth boundary.

(2) When k / δ > 6 , rough boundary.
(3) When 0.25 < k / δ < 6, transition boundary.

In terms of roughness Reynold’s number,

(1) u.k / v < 4, smooth boundary.

(2) u.k / v > 100, rough boundary.
(3) u.k / v lies between 4 to 100, transition boundary.

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Reference:
1. https://www.chiefscientist.qld.gov.au/publications/understanding-
floods/what-factors-contribute/
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood
3. https://extension.psu.edu/melting-snow-its-stormwater-too
4. https://www.ajc.com/weather/everything-you-need-know-about-
flash-flood/gkAop4v0kxRS6N2NJxKNFJ/
5. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=flood&source=lnms&tbm=isch
&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwje-cvE2-TcAhUiR48KHYJxABIQ_AUICigB
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXjSb-7bVH8
7. https://slideplayer.com/slide/5684469/18/images/31/Turbulent+Ve
locity+Profile.jpg
8. http://www.tutorhelpdesk.com/homeworkhelp/Fluid-Mechanics-
/Hydrodynamically-Smooth-And-Rough-Boundaries-Assignment-
Help.html

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THANK YOU

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