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Comparison between IEEE standards
WLAN protocols
Physical layer protocols ( such as 802.11a, 802.11b,
and 802.11g. The other IEEE standards 802.11e,
802.11f, etc., use any one of 802.11a or 802.11b
physical layer interfaces)
MAC layer protocols.
IEEE 802.11
The IEEE 802.11 standard places specifications on
the parameters of both the physical (PHY) and MAC
layers of the WLANs.
IEEE 802.11(Contd..)
The PHY is the interface between the MAC and
wireless media, which transmits and receives data
frames over a shared wireless media.
As shown in the below figure the physical layer (PHY)
in IEEE 802.11 consists of two sub layers, the physical
medium dependent (PMß) sublayer, and the physical
layer convergence sublayer (PLCP) on top.
Functionality of PHY layer
The PHY layer provides a frame exchange between
the MAC and PHY under the control of the PLCP
sublayer.
The PHY uses signal carrier and spread spectrum
modulation to transmit data frames over the media
under the control of the PMß sub layer.
The PHY provides a carrier sense indication back to
the MAC to verify activity on the media.
ßifferent physical layer
implementation
ßSSS PHY (ßirect Sequence Spread Spectrum)
ßSSS Modulation
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IR PHY PPßU format
The data items in PPßU of IR physical layer are as
follows:
± SYNC
± SFß
± ßata Rate
± ßC level
± Length
± CRC or Frame Check Sequence
IEEE 802.11a
The IEEE 802.11a PHY adopts OFßM PHY.
The OFßM PHY provides the capability to transmit
PSßU frames
OFßM PLCP sublayer: The PPßU is unique to the
OFßM PHY. The PPßU frame consists of a PLCP
preamble signal and data fields.
Receiver uses the plcp preamble to acquire the
incoming ofdm signal and synchronize the
demodulator.
Plcp header contains information about the PSßU.
PPßU
PPßU (cont..)
ßata scrambling
± Using Polynomial S(x)=x^-7+x^-4+1
Convolution coding
OFßM modulation
± The scheme uses integer multiples of the first sub
carrier, which are orthogonal to each other.
± This technique is known as orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFßM).
OFMß modulation
IEEE 802.11b
The IEEE 802.11b PHY is one of the PHY layer
extensions of IEEE 802.11 and is referred to as High
Rate ßSSS (HR/ßSSS).
HR/ßSSS PHY provides two functions.
1) The HR/ßSSS extends the PSßU data rates to 5.5 Mbps and
11 Mbps using an enhanced modulation technique.
2) The HR/ßSSS PHY provides a rate shift mechanism, which
allows 11 Mbps networks to fall back to 1 and 2 Mbps and
interoperate with the legacy IEEE 802.11 2.4 GHz RF PHY
layers.
HIPERLAN
HIPERLAN (HIgh PErformance Radio LAN) is a
Wireless LAN standard. It is a European alternative for
the IEEE 802.11 standards.
It is defined by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI).
The CAC (Channel Access and Control) in HIPERLAN
defines how a given channel access attempt will be
made depending on whether the channel is busy or idle,
and at what priority level the attempt will be made, if
contention is necessary.
HIPERLAN (Contd..)
The HIPERLAN/1 standard species an 802.11-like
radio LAN operating at 5 GHz with a data rate of up
to 19 Mb/s.
Single-carrier modulation is used, requiring a
complex equalizer to handle delay spread.
HIPERLAN/2, HIPERACCESS, and HIPERLINK
supports access to IP, ATM, and UMTS core
networks.
HIPERACCESS provides remote access to an IP or
ATM backbone network and 1.5.
WLAN PROTOCOLS 27 is intended for use in a
wireless local loop (WLL).
HIPERLAN (Contd..)
HIPERLINK is a high-rate interconnect between
HIPERACCESS and HIPERLAN/2 networks..
HIPERLAN/1 uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
(GMSK) modulation, which is well understood and
broadly used in Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) cellular networks and
Cellular ßigital Packet ßata (CßPß).
In contrast,HIPERLAN/2 uses a OFßM, which
imposes significant technical challenges.
CAC (Channel Access and Control)
CAC works in the following three steps
Prioritization phase
Contention phase
Transmission phase
CAC (Contd..)
Prioritization phase: ßuring prioritization phase, the
data transmissions with highest channel access priority
are selected out. Channel access priority is based on
Packet Residual Lifetime and user priority.
Contention phase: CAC transmits a signal (the length of
signal is calculated based on geometric probability
distribution). At the end of transmission, the CAC
listens to the channel. If another device is still
transmitting, it defers its transmission until the next
channel access cycle. Otherwise the CAC gains the
channel and begins its transmission.
Transmission phase: Transmit the data in the
transmission phase.
HIPERLAN2
HIPERLAN2 also employs multiple types of
modulation.
The air interface of HIPERLAN/2 is based on time-
division duplex and dynamic time-division multiple
access.
Frame structure of HIPERLAN/2
There is a basic frame with fixed length, which comprises
five fields for broadcast control, frame control, downlink,
uplink and random access.
Preambles
The units which are processed on the physical layer
are bursts comprising a preamble and PßU trains.
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Routing in WLAN
WLAN routers implement the Network Address
Translation (NAT) protocol that enables multiple
network devices to share a single IP address, which are
generally provided by the Internet service provider (ISP).
WLAN routers also have the ability to provide port-
based control, firewall management and ßynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (ßHCP) services for all devices.
These functions make the WLAN router much more
versatile than an access point.
Peer-to-Peer routing
The network model considered for peer-to-peer routing
are islands of high-speed wireless connectivity
surrounded by regions of low or no network access.
It is assumed that devices that are within these islands
have access to an infrastructure component (access
point) while in surrounding areas, only ad-hoc
communication is possible between neighboring peer
devices.
Mobile-IP
Mobile Internet Protocol (IP) is a recommended
Internet protocol designed to support the mobility of a
MH.
± Mobile Node (MN), Home Agent (HA), Foreign Agent
(FA), Care-of-address (COA), Correspondent Node (CN),
Home Address, Mobility Agent, and Tunnel.
Mobile-IP (Contd..)
Mobile-IP offers following support services
Agent ßiscovery
Registration
Encapsulation
Encapsulation
It is a process of enclosing an IP datagram within
another IP header which contains the care-of-address
of the mobile node.
The IP datagram itself remains intact and untouched
throughout the enclosing process.
Relationship between MN, HA and
FA
Example
Problems with Mobile IP protocol
There are certain problems with Mobile IP protocol,
which are listed below.
± ßogleg routing.
± Too many unwanted duplicated fields in IP.
± Single home agent model - a fragile model.
± Unbearable frequent report to the home agent if the mobile
node moves frequently.
IEEE 802.11p
In Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), Vehicular
safety communications applications cannot tolerate
long connection establishment delays before being
enabled to communicate with other vehicles
encountered on the road.
Additionally, the rapidly moving vehicles and complex
roadway environment present challenges at the PHY
level.
IEEE 802.11p is also known as ßedicated Short Range
Communications/Wireless Access in Vehicular
Environments (ßSRC/WAVE). IEEE 802.11p is still
under progress.
IEEE 802.11p (contd..)
Functions:
ßescribes the functions and services required by WAVE-
conformant stations to operate in a rapidly varying environment
and exchange messages without having to join a BSS, as in the
traditional IEEE 802.11 use case.
ßefines the WAVE signaling technique and interface functions
that are controlled by the IEEE 802.11 MAC.
IEEE 802.11p WAVE is only a part of a group of standards
related to all layers of protocols for ßSRC based operations.
IEEE 802.11p (contd..)
ßSRC/WAVE communication stack
IEEE 802.11p (cont..)
Basically ßSRC/WAVE communication stack
consists of two planes: Management plane and
ßata plane.
± Management plane: Management plane consists of WME,
MLME, and PLME. Basic function of the management
plane is to manage WAVE Basic Service Set (WBSS)
participation in support of applications, and to coordinate
the IPv6 configuration.
± ßata plane: ßata plane consists of UßP, TCP, IPV6,
WSMP, LLC, WAVE MAC and physical layer.
Physical layer
At Physical layer level, IEEE 802.11p main aim is to
make the minimum necessary changes to IEEE 802.11
PHY so that WAVE devices can communicate
effectively among fast moving vehicles in the
roadway environment.
IEEE 802.11p physical data rates
MAC layer
A station in WAVE mode is allowed to transmit and
receive data frames with the wildcard BSS
identification (BSSIß) value and without the need to
belong to a BSS of any kind a priori.
This means, two vehicles can immediately
communicate with each other upon encounter without
any additional overhead as long as they operate in the
same channel.
ßifferences between IEEE 802.11p
and IEEE 802.11a
WLAN applications