Darren - Andiswa - Dineo - Luyanda - Mikaela - Wanele

 Propulsion is the force which pushes

(propels) an object in a certain direction.
 Propulsion can come from many different
ways such as wind, an engine and
propeller etc.
 A propeller is a rotating fan like structure
which is used to propel the ship by using
the power generated by the main engine of
the ship.
 The transmitted power is converted from
rotational motion to generate a thrust which
a force then acts on the ship and pushes it
forward.
3 blade propeller has following characteristics:
 The manufacturing cost is lower than other
types.
 Are normally made up of aluminum alloy.
 Gives a good high speed performance.
 The acceleration is better than other types.
 Low speed handling is not much efficient.
 4 blade propeller has following characteristics:
 The manufacturing cost is higher than 3 blade
propellers.
 4 blade propellers are normally made up of
stainless steel alloys.
 Have better strength and durability.
 Gives a good low speed handling and
performance.
 Has a better holding power in rough seas.
 4 blade propeller provides a better fuel
economy than all the other types.
 5 blade propeller has following
characteristics:
 Manufacturing cost is higher of all.
 Vibration is minimal from all the other
types.
 5 blade propellers have better holding
power in rough seas.
 Sailing ships date far back to the 1500s
 The were design to use the power of the
wind to propel them selves.
 The were used right up until the !9th
century which means they were pretty
good ships.
 PROs
•Reduces fuel consumption
•Cheaper than other ways
•No carbon dioxide Emissions
•Does not require refuelling
CONs
•Dependant on wind
•Cannot be used all the time
•Requires planning for use
•Depends on the ship type
 A company called Sky Sails has come up
with a new system.
 It uses a kite to pull the ship with the wind.
 The design uses A special rope made from
Dyneema (worlds strongest fibre).
 It can reduce fuel consumption by 10-30%.
 1543 is the date given for the first paddle
steamer.
 The first proper steam engine ship only
came about after 1759.
 Steam ships took over sailing ships as they
had a good range at speed and good
manoeuvrability which sailing boats did not
have.
PROs
Was much faster than wind sailing
Better range than wind sailing
Used coal for fuel which was
plentiful in its era
Could carry a larger cargo
CONs
Burning fossil fuels
A lot of labour to run the engine
Needed to carry a lot of coal so
there was less cargo space
Uses a lot of coal fast
 A new type of steam engine has been
developed in the USA. This means coal
and oil-fired steam engines could come
back into use
 It is know as the Cyclone Power Mark V
Engine.
 Has good green credentials
 Rudolf Diesel based his engine on the
design of the Gas engine created by
Nikolaus Otto in 1876 with the goal of
improving its efficiency.
 The first prototypes were patented
around1892 and 1893
 Maximum speeds of between 100 and 300
rpm were common as they had to
converted from steam engines.
 PROs CONs
Diesel is fairly cheap Not the cheapest
Diesel engines are low maintenance Can be noisy
Far better range Require heavy fuel load
Less bunker space used More cargo space
Easy repairs to engine
 This is a very common system in modern
shipping.
 Its use a couple of diesel engines to
electricity generators, the power from the
generators powers electric motors the drive
the propellers of the ship.
 PROs CONs
Better range than normal diesel More than one engine is needed
proulsion
More horse power for fuel burnt
Silent and low vibrations
 Nuclear propulsion is specifically used by
navy war ships but few civilian ships have
been built and are in operation.
 A nuclear reaction in the reactor produces
heat which is used to heat water, the steam
that is produced spins a turbine. The
turbine shaft is coupled through a gearbox
to control the propeller.
 The development of nuclear marine
propulsion started in the 1940s by Admiral
Hymen G. Rickover.
 The first prototype was constructed in 1953
in Idaho.
 By 1962 the US Navy had 26 operational
Nuclear vessels and another 30 under
construction.
 PROs
Small amounts of fuel can produce
energy equivalent to millions its weight
in coal or oil
A vessel can operate for years without
refuelling
No need for large fuel bunkers, more
cargo space
The vessel can operate at higher
speeds without burning much fuel
Nuclear reactors produce no carbon
emissions
The cost of fuel is lower compared by
energy to the amount in oil or coal
CONs
The crew often has no direct contact
with the shore for very long periods of
time
Mostly Naval vessels operate on
nuclear power
There are very few civilian vessels that
operate on nuclear power
The cost to manufacture nuclear fuel is
extremely high
 Russia is working on advanced plans to
build floating power plants for the far
eastern regions, the design will be used on
ice breakers which will only need to refuel
every four years.
 Lloyds register is also currently
investigating the possibility of using more
civilian nuclear marine propulsion vessels
and are rewriting draft rules.