BORROWING

PREFIXES*
 care>careless>carelessness
 wrongly/badly:
(mis)interpretation
 again: (re)develop
 the opposite: (de)frost
 between: (inter)active
 above: (over)view
 too much: (over)spend
 below: (under)statement
 not enough: (under)paid
 (cyber)space
 (super)powers
 (multi)lingual
 (bio)diversity
*spelling does not change
 PREFIXES*
electronic: NEGATIVE
e-book LaMPeR (mnemonic /nɪˈmɒn.ɪk/)
e-commerce il- + l (il)literate
im- + m/p (im)patient
TIME: ir- + r (ir)relevant
(pre)history
post-meridian • (dis)respect
• (in)adequate
ATTITUDE: • (un)natural
pro-abortionist
anti-nuclear *spelling does not change
 -ation • Glorifi+c(ation) -ship •friend(ship)
-ition • provi(sion)
-tion
-sion

-al •arriv(al) Person

-ee • employ(ee)
-ant • contest(ant)
• rul(er)
-er • invent(or)
-or • rape>rap(ist)
•
NOUN -ist guard (ian)

-ment -ian

• stablish(ment)

•(im)mortal(ity)
-ity
•liable>liability

Actions/states
-ance Abstract
-ence -ness
-ism
• guid(ance) • readi (ness)
-th • dead>death
• warm(th)
 • real(ise)
-ise (uk)
• collect(ion)
-ize (us) • opt(ion)
stem
only

-y •clear>clar(ify)
-ify •mystery>myst(ify)

stem + -e
• confidant>confid(e)
VERB

-ate •demonstr(ate)
-en
• fright(en)
 • intrude>intrus(ive)

•filth(y) -ive
-y • like(able)
•introduc+or(y) -able
• host>hospitality>hospit(able)
-ible
• eat>edible

-ed • generalisation>generalis(ed)
-ing • gripp(ing)

• number>numerous

-ous

ADJECTIVE
•(im)mortal(ity)
-ity
•liable>liability

-ic
• idealist(ic)
-ish • snobb(ish)
A high degree of/
without
-ful -al
-less • generality>gener(al)
• fruit(ful)
• speech(less)
ADVERB
• immense(ly)

-ly • actual(ly)
• environmental(ly)

• heroic(ally)

-ally • enthusiastic(ally)
 SPELLING RULES
DOUBLE THE FINAL CONSONANT
• -ed DO NOT DOUBLE
1 syllable CVC
• -ing • -w
flat+t(en)
• -er • -x
• -est  2 syllable CVC • -y
• -ance +final stressed • stress not in final
occur+r(ence)
• -ence
• -en
• -y
• (uk) verbs –vowel+l  cancel+l (ation)
 SPELLING RULES
CHANGE –y TO i:
DROP THE FINAL –e:
• consonant + y + suffix
• Cons+e+ suffix begins with vowel
try>tried
(-er, -ed, -ing…) sane>sanity
• except:
• except:
-ing
-ce
-ness: dry>drier/drily/dryness
-ge + -able
-ly: shy>shyness/shyly
notice(able)

ADD –es FOR PLURAL: CHANGE –ie TO y:

• -s bus(es)
• -ch match(es)
• -ie + -ing
• -sh wish(es) lie>lying
• -x relax(es)
die>dying
• -f/-fe leaf>leav(es)
 CONVERTING
• Change the function without changing its form.
• More used in modern and American English.
e-mail He e-mailed me yesterday.
 COMPOUNDING
• Types:
– Solid: honeymoon
– Vowel/consonant: handicraft
– Preposition/conjunction: bread-and-butter
– Syntactic (phrase): forget-me-not
– Derivational: blue-eyed
 CLIPPING
• A word is shortened without changing the
meaning:
– gasoline  gas
– veterinary surgeon  vet
– influenza  flu
– situation comedy  sitcom
– names: Robert  Rob
 BLENDING
• Joining parts:
– breakfast+ lunch = brunch
– bag + pipe = bagpipe
– smoke + fog = smog

• Combining full words:

– foot + ball = football
– black + board = blackboard
 ACRONYMS

• scuba-diving
(Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)
• radar
(Radio Detection And Ranging)
• NASA
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
• NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
• Interpol
(International Criminal Police Organization)
COINAGE/NEOLOGISM
THANKS FOR WATCHING!
 BLENDING GAME
• American + Indian = Amerind
• Binary + digit = bit
• Breath + analyser = breathalyser
• Foreign + exchange = forex
• Glamourous camping = glamping
• Hazardous material = hazmat
• Huge + monstruous = humongous
• Naphthenic + palmitic = napalm
• Pulsating + star = pulsar
• Spoon + fork = spork
• Video + blog = vlog
• Vital + amine = vitamin