Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Communication
Electronic
Communications System
Modes of Transmission
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Barriers to Human Communication
Language
Distance
Electronic Communications
Thetransmission, reception and
processing of information using electronic
circuits.
Communication System
The totality of the mechanism that provides
transfer of information from one point to another
Includes the components, equipment that is
being utilized to execute the communication
process
is a collection of individual communications
networks, transmission systems, relay stations,
tributary stations, and data terminal equipment
(DTE) usually capable of interconnection and
interoperation to form an integrated whole
Brief History
Year Milestone
1830 Professor Joseph Henry transmitted the first practical electrical signal.
1837 Samuel Morse invented the telegraph.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson invented the telephone.
1887 Heinrich Hertz discovered radio waves.
Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated wireless radio wave propagation.
1901
Guglielmo Marconi accomplished the first transatlantic transmission of radio signals
Hartley’s Law
States that the information capacity is
directly proportional to bandwidth and
transmission time
I BW x t
Modes of Transmission
The term Transmission Mode defines the
direction of the flow of information between
two communication devices i.e. it tells the
direction of signal flow between the two
devices.
Electronic Communications may be either
one-way or two-way.
Simplex Transmission
In Communication Networks, Communication can
take place in one direction connected to such a
circuit are either a send only or receive only device.
There is no mechanism for information to be
transmitted back to the sender. Communication is
unidirectional.
Half-Duplex Transmission
A half duplex system can transmit data in
both directions, but only in one direction at a
time
Half duplex modes support two-way traffic
but in only one direction at a time.
Both the connected devices can transmit
and receive but not simultaneously.
When one device is sending the other can
only receive and vice-versa.
Full-duplex Transmission
A full duplex system can transmit data simultaneously
in both directions on transmission path.
Full-duplex method is used to transmit the data over a
serial communication link. Two wires needed to send
data over a serial communication link layer.
Full-duplex transmission, the channel capacity is
shared by both communicating devices at all times.
Both the connected devices can transmit and receive
at the same time. Therefore it represents truly bi-
directional system. The link may contain two separate
transmission paths one for sending and another for
receiving.
Electromagnetic Frequency
Spectrum
The electromagnetic frequency
spectrum refers to the entire range of
usable frequencies. It extends from a
few Hz to cosmic rays.
Frequency
Frequency is the number of times an
alternating current goes through its
complete cycle per second. The
international unit of measurement of
frequency is hertz, abbreviated as Hz.
Electromagnetic Frequency
Spectrum
International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) Band Designations
Extremely Low Frequencies, 30 – 300 Hz
Includes ac power line frequencies as well as the
low end of human hearing range
Voice Frequencies, 300 -3000Hz
This is the normal range of the human voice.
Although human hearing extends from 20 to
20,000Hz, most intelligible sounds occur in this range.
Very Low Frequencies, 3 -30kHz
Includes the higher end of the human hearing range
by up to 20 KHz. Many musical instruments also
make sounds in this range.
Low Frequencies, 30- 300 kHz
Frequencies in this range are used in primary
communication services such as aeronautical and
marine navigation.
Medium Frequencies, 300- 3000 KHz
The major application of frequencies in this range is
AM Radio broadcasting (535 – 1605 kHz). Marine
and aeronautical Communications also takes place
in this range.
High Frequencies, 3- 30MHz
These are frequencies generally known as short
waves. All kinds of two-way radio communication
take place in this range.
Very High Frequencies, 30- 300 MHz
Used by many services including mobile radio,
marine and aeronautical communications, FM radio
broadcasting (88 – 108 MHz), and television
channels 2 to 13. Frequencies above 1GHz are
generally known as microwaves.
Ultra High Frequencies, 300 – 3000 MHz
A widely used portion of the frequency spectrum including
television channels 14 to 83, land mobile communications
and cellular telephones.
Super High Frequencies, 3 – 30 GHz
These are microwave frequencies that are widely used for
satellite and radar communications.
Extremely High Frequencies, 30 – 300 GHz
Only a limited amount of activity occurs in this range
including satellite communications and some specialized
radar.
Infrared, 0.3 – 300 THz
Infrared refers to radiation generally associated with heat.
Infrared is used in astronomy to detect stars, remote control
units, guidance of weapon systems and optical devices.
Visible Spectrum, 0.3 – 3 PHz
Generally referred to as light. Used in various
communication systems, fiber optics and laser technology.
Wavelength is the length that one cycle of an
electromagnetic wave occupies in space.
The length of a wavelength depends on the
frequency of the wave and the velocity of
light
Signal Analysis
Factors Affecting the Signal
Distortion – signal alteration due to
imperfect response of the system to the
desired signal
Interference – contamination of extraneous
signal usually man-made to form similar to
the desired signal
Noise – random, undesireable high
frequency spikes
Attenuation – decrease in signal strength
Types of Signals
Baseband Signal
Modulated Signal