Definition of terms

Definition of terms
WHY IS THERE A
NEED FOR
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES?
Two Major Types
of Sampling
Techniques
Sub types of
Probability
Sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
Multi-stage
Random
Sampling
Illustration
Stratified
Sampling
This technique divides the elements of the population into small subgroups
(strata) based on the similarity in such a way that the elements within the group
are homogeneous and heterogeneous among the other subgroups formed. And
then the samples are randomly selected from each of these subgroups.
Stratified
Sampling 2 kinds of Stratified sampling

1. Proportionate Stratified sampling

2. Disproportionate or Equal
Stratified sampling
 1. Proportionate Stratified Sampling
Stratified -An approach where each subgroup is
directly proportional to the population size of
Sampling the entire population under examination.

Example:
 2. Disproportionate or Equal Stratified Sampling
Stratified
Sampling -each subgroup will contain the same or equal number
of members, regardless of the difference in number of
each element in the entire population.
 CLUSTER
SAMPLING
STEPS IN CLUSTER
SAMPLING
STEPS IN CLUSTER
SAMPLING
Single Stage
Cluster
Sampling
Two-Stage
Cluster
Sampling
Multiple Stage
Cluster
Sampling
Advantages of
Cluster
Sampling
Advantages of
Cluster
Sampling
SYSTEMATIC - Is probability sampling method where the elements are
chosen from a target population by selecting a random
SAMPLING starting point and selecting other members after a fixed
‘sampling interval’.

- Sampling interval is calculated by dividing the entire

population size by the desired sample size.

- There’s an equal opportunity for every member of a

population to be selected using this sampling technique.
- Consumes the least time as it requires selection of
sample size and identification of starting point for this
sample which needs to be continued at regular intervals
to form a sample
SYSTEMATIC Steps to form a sample using the Systematic Sampling
technique:
SAMPLING 1. A defined structural audience needs to be developed
2. The research in charge must figure out the ideal size of the sample
3. Once the number of the sample size is decided, a number must be
assigned to each and every member of the sample
4. The interval of this sample needs to be decided that’ll be the standard
distance between the elements by dividing the population by the sample
size
5. The researcher needs to select these members who fit the criteria
6. A number will be randomly chosen as the starting member (r) of the
sample and this interval will be added to the random number to keep
adding members in the sample
Systematic Sampling Formula for interval (i) = N/n
SYSTEMATIC A local NGO is seeking to form a systematic
SAMPLING sample of 500 volunteers from a population of 5000,
they can select every 10th person in the population
to systematically form a sample.

Example mentioned above suggests that the

sample interval should be 10 which is the result the
of division of 5000 (N= size of the population) and
500 (n=size of the sample)
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
ADVANTAGES

1. Easy to execute and

DISADVANTAGES
understand
2. Control and sense of
1. Assumes size of
process
population can be
3. Clustered selection
determined
eliminated
2. Need for natural degree
4. Low risk factor
of randomness
5. Suitable when there are
3. Greater risk of data
budget restrictions
manipulation
6. Absence of data pattern
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Purposive
Sampling -A non-random sampling technique that selects its sample
based on the purpose of the study.

-Only those elements of the population that is necessary for the

study will be selected.
Purposive ADVANTAGES:
Sampling Convenient, time and cost effective

DISADVANTAGES:

Susceptible to bias and judgment errors

 Types of Purposive sampling

1. Maximum Variation/Heterogeneous Purposive Sample

Purposive
Sampling -the sample is selected to provide diverse elements
from the population when it is relevant to a particular
phenomenon.

2. Homogeneous Purposive Sample

-A purposive sample that is selected for having

common characteristics that makes them
homogeneous in nature.
 Types of Purposive sampling
Purposive 3. Typical Case Sampling
Sampling
-A purposive sampling technique that is useful when a
researcher wishes to study an event or phenomenon as it
relates to what is considered “typical” or “average” members
of the population.

4. Extreme/Deviant Case Sampling

- chooses its samples which is diverge from the norm as

regards to a particular phenomenon.
 Types of Purposive sampling

Purposive 5. Critical case Sampling

Sampling -only one case is chosen for the study, because the researcher
solely believes that it will reveal the insights needed instead of
having several cases.

6. Total Population Sampling

- chooses to examine an entire population that has one or more

shared characteristics. It is commonly used to generate reviews of
events or experiences where it is common to study particular
groups within larger populations.
Purposive Types of Purposive sampling
Sampling
7. Expert Sampling

-used when the knowledge and information needed from the

research can be captured in a particular form of expertise. It
is commonly used in the early stages of a research process
where the researcher seeks to understand more about a
topic
 • Definition:
Quota sampling is a non-probabilistic sampling method where we divide the

Quota survey population into mutually exclusive subgroups. These subgroups are
selected with respect to certain known (and thus non-random) features, traits, or

Sampling interests. People in each subgroup are selected by the researcher or interviewer
who is conducting the survey

Stated differently, Quota sampling is a simple yet effective way to do research in

the initial phases. From the population, the researcher could select two variables
to study about a particular group. He could use gender as well as income level or
the education level for the purpose of research. The researcher could also add
other sub-points to the data set according to the requirements of the research.
In a quota sampling there is a non-random sample selection taken, but it is done
from one category which some researchers feel could be unreliable.

• When is it use?
Quota sampling is used when the company is short of time or the budget of the
person who is researching on the topic is limited. Quota sampling can also be
used at times when detailed accuracy is not important.
• Advantages:
Quota sampling has its own advantages. It is an easy process to carry out and
decipher information once the sampling is done. It also improves the
representation of any particular group within the population thereby ensuring that
these groups are not over-represented.

• Disadvantages:
The researchers run the risk of bias. Interviewers might be tempted to interview
those individuals on the street who appear most helpful in filling the form or they
could sample individuals who could contradict them or others known to them just
to meet the target set of audience.

Quota sampling methods are sometimes criticized because the sampled results
can be unreliable at times. Quota sampling relies on the researcher’s judgement
in choosing the right subgroups and giving them the right weightages. This
means that the researcher’s bias can skew the sample and make it non-
representative of the entire population, unlike a random sample. However, quota
sampling is generally seen as more reliable than other non-probabilistic methods
like convenience sampling.
 Definition:
Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are
selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher.

Convenience The subjects are selected just because they are easiest to recruit for the study and
the researcher did not consider selecting subjects that are representative of the

Sampling
entire population.

In all forms of research, it would be ideal to test the entire population, but in most
cases, the population is just too large that it is impossible to include every individual.
This is the reason why most researchers rely on sampling techniques like
convenience sampling, the most common of all sampling techniques. Many
researchers prefer this sampling technique because it is fast, inexpensive, easy and
the subjects are readily available.

Stated differently, Convenience sampling (also called accidental sampling or grab

sampling) is where you include people who are easy to reach. For example, you
could survey people from:
Your workplace, Your school, A club you belong to, The local mall.
Convenience sampling is a type of non-probability sampling, which doesn’t
include random selection of participants. The opposite is probability sampling, where
participants are randomly selected, and each has an equal chance of being chosen.
• When is it use?

Convenience sampling does have its uses, especially when you need to conduct
a study quickly or you are on a shoestring budget. It is also one of the only
methods you can use when you can’t get a list of all the members of
a population. For example, you were conducting a survey for a company who
wanted to know what a certain company’s employees think of their wages. It’s
unlikely you’ll be able to get a list of employees, so you may have to resort to
standing outside of that certain company and grabbing whichever employees
come out of the door (hence the name “grab sampling”).

• Advantages:

Researchers use convenience sampling not just because it is easy to use, but
because it also has other research advantages. In pilot studies, convenience
sample is usually used because it allows the researcher to obtain basic data and
trends regarding his study without the complications of using a randomized
sample. This sampling technique is also useful in documenting that a particular
quality of a substance or phenomenon occurs within a given sample. Such
studies are also very useful for detecting relationships among different
phenomena. To summarize the advantages:

1. It’s relatively easy to get a sample.

2. It’s inexpensive, compared to other methods.
3. Participants are readily available.
• Disadvantages:

The most obvious criticism about convenience sampling is sampling bias and
that the sample is not representative of the entire population. This may be the
biggest disadvantage when using a convenience sample because it leads to
more problems and criticisms.
The method cuts out a large part of the population. As a result, this leads to
several issues, including:
An inability to generalize the results of the survey to the population as a whole.
The possibility of under- or over-representation of the population.
Biased results, due to the reasons why some people choose to take part and
some do not.
What is Data
Gathering?
Importance of Data
Gathering
Methods of
Collecting Data
Methods of
Collecting Data
Methods of
Collecting Data
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
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OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
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OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
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OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
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OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
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OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT
DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES