HOW TO DESCRIBE

LANGUAGE
3rd group : 1. Indi Rizki Ausa
2. Indra Nabila Zahra
3. Ninik Krisnamurti
4. Nurfatma Devi
What will we discuss?
Sentence Parts of
Contractions Speech Noun Types Verb Types

Pronouns
Verb Forms Adjectives Adverbs

Conjunctions
Forms and
Prepositions Articles and
Meanings
Conditionals

Words
Language Speaking and
Together: Pronunciation
Function Writing
Collocation
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1. Sentence Construction One way of describing different
kinds of sentences is to use the
terms subject, object, verb,
complement, and adverbial.

Complement: is used with verbs to give information about the subject.

For example : She seem happy
contains subject (she) a verb (seem) and a complement (happy).

Subject + verb only: Some sentences are formed with only subjects and verb.
For example: She opened the door

Two object:
1. Direct: objects refer to things or persons affected by the verb.
For example : He sang a song
2. Indirect objects refer to the person or thing that (In one grammarian’s phrase).
For example : he sang me a song

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Adverbial (phrase) : complement the verb in the same way that a complement
‘complements’ the subject.
For example : He live in Paris (adverbial of place),
They arrived late/at night (adverbial of time),
She sings beautifully/like an angel (adverbial of manner)

Multi- clause sentences : all the sentence that make much longer and more
complex sentences by joining and amalgamating a number of different
clauses.
For example: The girl met the woman.’
‘The woman was standing by the canal.’
‘They went to a café.’
‘They had a meal.’
‘They enjoyed it very much.’

Can be amalgamated into a multi-clause sentence like this:

The girl met the woman who was standing by the canal and they went
to a café and had a meal, which they enjoyed very much
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 Parts of speech

Noun: Pronoun : Adjective :

Word ( or group of words) A word that is used in A word that gives more
that is the name of a place of a noun or noun information about a
person, a place, a thing or phrase. noun or pronoun.
activity or a quality or idea.
For example: For example:
For example : She met him two What a kind man!
I recommend this book years ago

Verb :
A word ( or group of words) which
used in describing an action,
experience or state.
For example : He wrote a poem
Adverbial :
A word ( or group of words) that
describes or adds to the meaning of a
verb, adjective, another adverb or a
whole sentence.
For example please talk sensibly,
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Preposition: Determiner:
Conjunction:
A word ( or group of Definite article,
A word that connects
words) which is used Indefinite article,
sentences, phrases or
to show the way in Possessives,
clauses.
which other words Demonstratives,
are connected. Quantifiers.
For example
my car broke down,
For example: For example:
so I went by bus,.
Put that in the box The queen of hearts

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 Forms and meanings

One form, many meanings:

With so many available meanings for words and grammatical forms, it is the context the word occurs
in which determines which of these meanings is being referred to.
For example:
I beat him because I ran faster than he did
('beat' is likely to mean win rather than physically assault or mix.)

One meaning, many forms:

One form can have many meanings. The same is true of word meaning. Even where words appear
for have the same meaning - to be synonyms, in other words - they are usually distinct from each
other. For example, we can describe an intelligent person with : 'intelligent, 'bright, 'brainy', 'clever,
'smart' etc. But each of these words has a different connotation.

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 Language functions

A language function is a purpose you to achieve when you say

or write something. By ‘performing’ the function you are
performing an act of communication.
For example:
“invite you”, it is performing the function of inviting.
“I apologise”, it is performing the function of apologising.

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 Words together: collocation

Before leaving the subject of meaning, we will look at a particular feature of

vocabullary use which language speakers need to know about, whether consciously
or subconsciously.

How was your lesson? a teacher asks a collague. A complete disaster! he

replies. ‘Complete’ is a word which quite often co-occurs (collocates) with the word
‘disaster’. He could also have said ‘total disaster’.

However, he would not say ‘full disaster’ or ‘whole disaster’ even though his
meaning would be clear.

There are collocations which work9and collocations which don’t.

Speaking and Writing
A : Hi
B : Hi
A : come in Characteristics of speech
B : thanks
People speak in incomplete sentence.
A : cup of cofee?
B : great
A : come on through Speakers repeat what each other says
B : cold! (and themselves)
A : yes, cold. Really cold. I nearly
frozeout there earlier this Speakers also trend to use
morning. Here’s your cofee.
contractions, whereas in writing we
B : thanks. That’s better. How’ve
you spent your doy? usually use the full form of the auxiliary
A : reading amagazine verbs.
B : anything interesting 10
 Paralinguistic features Writing devices

There are many non-linguistic ways in

which speech can be affected. Writing has its own set of tricks

Speakers can change the tone of their  -dashes

voices and the emphasis they give.  ! exlamations marks

They can speak faster or slowler,  New paragraphs
louder or softer. And if they are
 , commas
involved in face-to-face communication
 CAPITAL letters etc.
they can use their expression and
body language too.

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Pronunciation Pitch and intonation:

Pitch describes the level at which

Sounds (phonemes) are Stress: the second area of
you speak. Some people have
represented here by phonetic importance is stress - in
high-pitch voices; others say
symbols (/b/, /i:/ and /k/ for other words, where
things in a low-pitched voice.
example). emphasis is placed in
Intonation is often described as the
This is because there is no one- words and sentences.
music of speech. It encompasses
to-one correspondence between For example:
the moments at which we change
written letters and spoken  ‘important’ the pitch of our voices in order to
sounds.
 ‘complain’ give certain messages. It is
By changing one sound, we can absolutely crucial for getting our
 ‘medicine, etc.
change the word and its meaning. meaning across.
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Thank you…

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A picture is
worth a
thousand
words
A complex idea can be conveyed with
just a single still image, namely making
it possible to absorb large amounts of
data quickly.

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Use charts to
explain your ideas

White Gray Black

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And tables to
compare data
A B C

Yellow 10 20 7

Blue 30 15 10

Orange 5 24 16

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 Maps

our office

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89,526,124
Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?

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89,526,124$
That’s a lot of money

185,244 users
And a lot of users

100%
Total success!

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Our process is easy

first second last

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Let’s review some
concepts
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter
and ripe lemons. In the
spectrum of visible light,
yellow is found between
green and orange.
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter
and ripe lemons. In the
spectrum of visible light,
yellow is found between
green and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear
sky and the deep sea. It is
located between violet and
green on the optical
spectrum.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear
sky and the deep sea. It is
located between violet and
green on the optical
spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has
historically been
associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has
historically been
associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage.
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Thanks!
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You can find me at:
@username
user@mail.me

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Credits
Special thanks to all the people who made and
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× Photographs by Unsplash
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