By: Virwane Rose P.

Abellera
Hanz Raymond B. Consumo
Bill Ervein P. Ramientos
The electromagnetic radiation is a form of
energy that is produced by oscillating electric
and magnetic disturbance, or by the
movement of electrically charged particles
traveling through a vacuum or matter.

Basic 5 properties of electromagnetic waves:

oAmplitude
owavelength
ofrequency
oenergy
ointensity of the radiation
The entire electromagnetic spectrum, from the
lowest to the highest frequency (longest to shortest
wavelength), includes all radio waves (e.g.,
commercial radio and television, microwaves,
radar), infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet
radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
 ALBERT EINSTEIN
“discovery of photons “

What Is the Photoelectric Effect?

When light with energy above a certain threshold hits a metal surface, an electron that was
previously bound to the metal is knocked loose. Each particle of light, called a photon,
collides with an electron and uses some of its energy to dislodge it from the metal. The rest of
the photon’s energy is transferred to the now free-roaming negative charge, called a
photoelectron.

So why does this happen? What determines the energies (and speeds) of the emitted
electrons? To understand the answers to these questions, we need to dig a little into the
history of the discovery of the photoelectric effect.
 ATOMIC SPECTRA
When atoms are excited they emit light of certain wavelengths which correspond to different colors. The
emitted light can be observed as a series of colored lines with dark spaces in between; this series of
colored lines is called a line or atomic spectra. Each element produces a unique set of spectral lines.
Since no two elements emit the same spectral lines, Energy can travel through a vacuum or matter as
electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is a transverse wave with magnetic and electric
components that oscillate perpendicular to each other. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all
possible wavelengths and frequencies of electromagnetic radiation including visible light.

Electromagnetic Radiation and the Wave Particle Duality

According to the wave particle duality concept, although electromagnetic radiation is often considered
to be a wave, it also behaves like a particle. In 1900, while studying black body radiation, Max Planck
discovered that energy was limited to certain values and was not continuous as assumed in classical
physics. This means that when energy increases, it does so by tiny jumps called quanta (quantum in the
singular). In other words, a quantum of energy is to the total energy of a system as an atom is to the
total mass of a system. In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed that energy was bundled into packets, which
became known as photons. The discovery of photons explained why energy increased in small jumps. If
energy was bundled into tiny packets, each additional packet would contribute a tiny amount of energy
causing the total amount of energy to jump by a tiny amount, rather than increase smoothly as assumed
in classical physics.ts can be identified by their line spectrum.
When light passes through a prism the light bends. As a result, the
different colors that make up white light become separated.
This happens because each color has a particular wavelength and each
wavelength bends at a different angle.
Every chemical element has a unique `signature' which can be revealed by analyzing the light it gives off.
This is done by spreading the light out into a spectrum -- basically, a rainbow.

It may seem remarkable that we can learn about the composition of distant stars by studying the
light they emit. In fact, we can learn a great deal, not only about the chemical elements present,
but also about physical conditions. The key is to spread the light out by color, producing a spectrum like the one
shown in Fig. 1. This lab explores some of the basic ideas used to analyze spectra.
He used the line emission spectrum of hyrogen and explained it using the basic concepts of
electromagnetic radiation and the quantum ideas of Plank and Eintein.

the main postulates of Bohr's theory of an atom:

According to Bohr's theory , electrons revolve in definite
circular orbits around the nucleus and these orbits are
designated by the letters K, L, M, N or by the numbers 1, 2 ,3, 4
and so on. ... It explains the stability of an atom and also the
line spectrum of hydrogen atom.
The orbital model of the atom
In atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a
mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either
one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be
used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in
any specific region around the atom's nucleus.
The term atomic orbital may also refer to the physical region or space
where the electron can be calculated to be present, as defined by the
particular mathematical form of the orbital.
 The Quantum numbers
Quantum numbers describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a
quantum system. In the case of electrons, the quantum numbers can be defined
as "the sets of numerical values which give acceptable solutions to the
Schrödinger wave equation for the hydrogen atom.
There are four Quantum Number:
* Principal
Quantum Number – n designates the main energy level where the
electron is most probably located. It can have integral values from one to
infinity
* Angular
Momentum Quantum Number – also called the azimuthal or secondary
quantum number it indicates the total number of sublevels possible in a given
main energy level.
* Magnetic Quantum Number – describes the possible orientation of an orbital in
space
* Spin Quantum Number - An electron spins around an axis and has both angular
momentum and orbital angular momentum. Because angular momentum is a
vector