COOPERATIVE AND IMPLICATURE

PRAGMATICS

Group: NUR ROKHMAH P

HANNA AMALIA
SELVIA PUTRI
 INTRODUCTION

Linguistics was divided into six of numbers

there were Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology,
Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics.

The intention of speaker is delivered indirectly

as the additional meaning of utterances by
ignoring the conversational norms or maxims.
 A. COOPERATION AND IMPLICATURE

In much of the preceding discussion, we have

assumed that speakers and listeners involved
in conversation are generally cooperating with
each other (Yule, 1996).

implicature is an expression of the listeners in

responding the speaker.
 B. THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES

Reasonable discourse can occur if between

speakers and speakers adhere to the principle
of communication cooperation.
The principle of cooperation consists of four
conversational maxim, namely:
a) maxim of quantity
b) maxim of quality
c) maxim of relevance
d) maxim of manner
 MAXIM OF QUANTITY
In speaking each conversation participant is required
to contribute only the information needed.

 For example, a reasonable speaker will certainly

choose speech (1) compared to speech (2):
- The blind person is a masseuse.
- The person who cannot see it turns out to be a
masseuse.
 MAXIM OF QUALIT Y

- This maksim requires each participant to contribute

the correct information.

-In a meeting there are speech participants who do not

have sufficient evidence there may be certain reasons
underlying it.
 MAXIM OF RELEVANCE
This maxim requires each participant of the
conversation to make a contribution that is relevant to
the issue of conversation.

following example (4):

A: There is somebody at the door

B: I'm in the bath.
(Joan Cutting, 2002: 36)
 MAXIM OF MANNER
With this maxim, the participants of the discussion are
expected to speak directly, not run away, not taxa and
not overdone and coherent.

A: Let 's stop and get something to eat.

B: Okay, but not M-C-D-O-N-A-L-D-S
(Parker, 1986)
 C. HEDGES

Hedges are expression which show the speaker

is away of violating any maxim of cooperative
principle and is adopting a strategy to
overcome it (Iqbal, hedges, n.d.)
 D. T YPES OF IMPLICATURE

a. Conversational implicature
b. Generalized conversational implicatures
c. Scalar implicature
d. Particularized conversational implicatures
e. Properties of conversational implicatures
f. Conventional implicatures
 CONLUSION

 When people fail to observe the maxims of

cooperative principle, it might mean that they are
not cooperative

 In other words , it can be said that what is meant by

what is said.

 In conversation both the speaker and listener

consider it everyone is involved in the norms of
communication, that is how the meaning can be
comprehended.