Group 3 Phonology, the function and

patterning of sounds.
 Arranged by :

1. Arjun Arga Resindra (K2218017)

2. Cica Nur Hayati (K2218021)
3. Elys Putri Karismawati (K2218026)
 The limits of my
language are limits
of my world.

Ludwig Wittgenstein
 Sounds of languages are patterned and
organized in such ways that linguistic can
A. background discover the system. Component of grammar
make up elements and principles that
determine how sounds pattern in a language,
this study called phonology.
 What is phonology and how its patterns are built?

What is the difference between phonemes

and allophones?

How phonology generalized and classed?

What is English vowels and glides?

B. Formulation What is tense and lax sets?
of Problems What is the difference between phonetic and
phonemic transcription?
What is the structure of syllable?

What is onset constraints and phonotactics?

What is the difference between accidental and
systematic gaps?
c. discussion
 1. What is phonology and
how its patterns are built?

a) Phonology and its patterns.

b) Segment in contrast.
c) Language-specific contrast.
d) Minimal pairs.
 a) phonology and its patterns

Phonology is a study to discover general

principles that underlie the patterning of sounds in
human language. The basic elements that combine to
make up these patterns : syllable, segment, and feature.
a) Syllable
A syllable is a unit of sound that consist one vowel, with or without consonants.
Syllable can have more than one vowel or consonant, but this vowel and
consonant that create the syllable can not make more than one sound. So, syllable
is only one sound.

b) Segments
The smallest elements in a language. In spoken languages, segments will typically
be grouped into consonants and vowels.

c) Features
The most basic unit of phonological structure that is analyzed in phonological
theory. Segments are built up the features and this fact affect phonological
patterning. Features are grouped into categories according to the natural classes of
segments : major class feature, laryngeal feature, manner feature and place
feature.
 b) segment contrast

All speakers know which segments of their

language contrast. Segments are said to contrast (or to
be distinctive or to be in opposition) when their
presence alone may distinguish forms with different
meanings from each other. The segments [s] and [z]
contrast is the words [sip] and [zip].
 c) language-spesific contrast

Sounds that are distinctive in one language will

not necessarily be dictinctive one another. For
examples, the difference between the two vowels [e]
and [æ] in crucial to English, as we can see from
minimal pairs like Ben [ben] and ban [bæn]. But in
Turkish, this difference in pronunciation is not disinctive.
A Turkish speaker may pronounce the word as [ben] or
[bæn], and it will make no difference to the meaning.
 d) minimal pairs

Minimal pairs is a basic unit for a sound’s

distinctiveness. It consists of two forms with distincs
meanings that differ by only one segment found in the
same position in each form. Remember it is on the basis
of sound and not spelling that minimal pairs are
established.
 2. What is the difference
between phonemes and allophones

a) Phonemes.
b) Allophones.
c) Free Variation.
 a) phonemes

Phonemes are the smallest unit to distinguish the

meaning of a word to another.
We never pronounce a phoneme, only its allophone.

Buat contoh, tuliskan.

We have /d/, /b/, /d/ and /t/ this makes a lot variations
Pad, pat, bad, bat
 b) allophones

Allophone is one or set of multiple possible spoken

sounds, or phones, or signs used to pronounce a single
phoneme in a particular language.

Allophone of the phoneme 'k'

- aspirated 'k' : kit
- unaspirated 'k' : skit
 c) free variation

Allophones of a phoneme that may appear in the

same context without causing its changing meaning re
called free variation.
Since there is no difference in the meaning of
these forms, and since the final consonants are
phonetically similar, we say these sounds are in free
variation.
3. How phonology generalized
and classed
 The Reality of Phonemes

Phonemes are more than convenient symbols for

groups of allophones. Phonemes represent a form of linguistic
knowledge. Even though we never pronounce a phoneme,
only its allophones, there is evidence that speakers mentally
store the phonological system of their languages in terms of
phonemes. Generally spelling systems all over the world
ignore phonetic variation that is non-distinctive.
 Classes and Generalization in Phonology

Phonological analysis permits us to account for the

great amount of phonetic variationin everyday speech. This
systmatic variation in widespread within languages.

Allophones of english /r/ pattern like of /l/ pattern :

example brew [bru:] and blue [blu:], The phonemes /r/ and /l/
belong to the same class of sounds: both are liquids.
4. What is english vowels
and glides?
 English Vowel and Glides

Linking in British English where having two distinc vowel

phonemes next to each other tends to be avoided. Usually,
one of the approximants [r], [w], [ j] is inserted to link the
vowel.
Linking r
Star [stɑ:] starring [stɑ:rɪŋ] star in [stɑ:r ɪn]
Stir [stɜ:] stirring [stɜ:rɪŋ] stir up [stɜ:r ʌp]

Linking j
See [si:] seeing [si:ʲɪŋ] see in [si:ʲɪn]
Weigh [weɪ] weighing [weɪ:ʲɪŋ] weigh all [weɪʲɔ:l]

Linking w
Sue [su:] suing [su:ʷɪŋ] sue arthur [su:ʷɑ:θə]
Show [ʃəʊ] showing [ʃəʊʷɪŋ] show it [ʃəʊʷɪt]
5. what is tense and lax set?
 Tense and lax sets
Tense vowel :
/i:/, /ɑ:/, /ɜ/, /ɔ:/, /u:/, /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/, /eə/, /ɪə/, /ʊə/, /ɔə/
Lax vowel :
/I/, /e/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ə/, /ʊ/.
found in closed stressed syllables
Tense vowels: found in open stressed syllable
exluded from syllables closed by [ŋ]
found in closed stressed syllables
Lax vowels : exluded from open stressed syllables
found in syllables closed by [ŋ]
 6. What is the difference between
phonetic and phonemic transcription?
 Phonetic and phonemic transcription
The phonemic transcription only uses the sounds that
devide the meaning in a language and captures the
underlying (abstract) representation that is assumed to be
stored in our mental lexicon (marked between slashes, e.g.,
English /pɪn/).
The phonetic transcription representates the actual
realization of the word (marked between square brackets,
e.g., [pʰɪn]). The phonetic transcription may be derived from
the phonemic transcription by means of phonological rules
(e.g., aspiration of voiceless plosives in syllable-initial position
in English).
7. what is the structure
of syllable?
 Defining the syllable

The syllable is composed of a nucleus (usually a vowel)

and its associated non-syllabic segments. There is the
structure of syllable
Monosyllabic English word Sprint.
There are four subsyllabic units :
1. The Nucleus (N) is the syllable's obligatory member; it is a
syllabic element that forms the core of a syllable.
2. The Coda (C) consist of those elements that follow the
nucleus in the same syllable.
3. The Rhyme (R) is made up of the nucleus and the coda.
4. The onset (O) is made up of those elements that precede the
rhyme in the same syllable.
 Onset Constraints and phonotactics

English-speaking students learning Russian have

difficulty pronouncing a word like vprog [fprɔk] ‘value,good’
the squence [fprɔk] is never found in english onsets, may
english speakers would pronounce the rusisian word [fprɔk] as
[fəprɔk] or even delete the initial /f/ and say [prɔk]
8. what is onset constrainsts
and phonotactics?
Some english onsets
 9. what is the difference
between accidental and systematic
gaps?
 Accidental and systematic gaps

Accidental gaps is gaps in language’s inventory of forms that

correspond to non-occurring but possible forms. Occasionally,
an accidental gap will be filled in by the invention of a new
word.

Systematic gaps is gaps in the occurring syllable structures of

a language that result from the exclusion of certain
sequences.
 From the explanations above, it can be concluded that
phonology is the study of sound as it pertains to a language, and
is a part of the study of linguistics. Phonemes connect meaning to
the sounds and phonology is the study of phonemes. Phonology
looks at the sound patterns within words. Different languages
have different sound patterns within words. Some of these sound
patterns are shared between different languages, and some are
entirely different than any other language sound.
d. conclusion
Phonology is sometimes confused with phonetics.
Phonetics is the study of the production of the speech sound.
Phonology focuses more on the patterns of the sounds within
different languages that derive meaning. Phonological knowledge
enables speakers to distinguish among forms and to deal with the
considerable phonetic variation found in the pronunciation of
speech segments.
 O’Grady, William, John Archibald, Francis Katamba.
Contemporary Linguistic: An Introduction. 2nd ed.
London : St. Martin’s Press, (1997).
d. references
Fruehwalt, Josef. 2013. The Phonological Influence on
Phonetic Change. Url:
https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/862/
There are forms within forms both up and down
the scale of size. Units are nested within larger
units. Things are components of other things.
They would constitute a hierarchy except that
this hierarchy is not categorial but full of
transitions and overlaps.

James J. Gibson
Q n a
 Q n a
1.
2.
3.
Thank You
For Your Attention
Hope this might obtain a deep knowledge of phonology