Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Partha Goswami
22/07/05
Topics
• Motivations for IP over WDM
Data
15000
Voice
10000
5000
•Long Haul Optical network follows
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
SONET/SDH transmission standard
Year with time fame of 125 μ sec.
Reference 14: Acute need to increase the data bandwidth
• Most of the data traffics are due to IP
traffic where existing transmission
technique in the Fiber backbone is not
giving Optimal Multiplexing.
• End stations (traffic sources) and routers (traffic switches) have a choice of
wavelengths on which to direct their traffic.
• High capacity of WDM and exponential growth of IP traffic is the perfect match of
the need and technology
• The future optical component technology may allow full optical switching
of IP packets.
6
Three Generation of Digital Transport Network
• First Generation: T1 , E1
Wave length Routed Network • Any two IP router will be connected by all-
λ1 Optical WDM Channel called light path
λ1,λ2, λ3,λ4
λ1,λ2, λ3,λ4
λ2 • The set of lightpath termed as Virtual topology.
λ1,λ2, λ3,λ4 λ1,λ2, λ3,λ4 • Multihop approach
λ1,λ2, λ3,λ4 λ3 λ1,λ2, λ3,λ4
λ4 8
Reconfigurable Wavelength Routing node
Reference 17
IP/WDM network Model
IP NCM
• IP Routers are Network element of IP
Layer
Access
• It Combines the advantages of
Network
OCS and OPS
Access
Network
• No buffering and Electronic
Processing
λ0
Control Channel
λ2
Data Channel 2
• Burst is aggregating a no of IP
λ1 λ1
λ0 λ1 λ2
λ2
FDL
λ0 λ1 λ2 datagram destined for same
Fiber 1 FDL λ2
Optical egress router in the ingress
Switching λ0
λ1 FDL
Network λ1
router
λ0 λ1 λ2 λ2 λ0 λ1 λ2
λ2 FDL
MPLS Network
WRS
IP network
MPLS Back bone for IP network
IP Over MPLS Over WDM
• MPLS approach is suitable for OBS and OPS using LOBS and LOPS
respectively
• If Label of the MPLS is mapped with λ of the WDM network, then IP-MPLS
frame work enables direct integration of IP and WDM
Reference 22,23 12
MPLS and Optical Network
• MPLS is the key components for 3rd generation Transport
networks.
Reference 1, Ch 9 14
The forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)
• What is FEC?
– It associates an FEC value with destination address and
a class of traffic.
– The class of traffic is associated with a destination
TCP/UDP port no and/or protocol ID field in the IP
datagram header.
• Advantages of FEC
– Grouping of packet into classes
– For different FEC we can set different priorities
– Can be used for efficient QOS operation
15
Reference 1, Ch 9, page 151
Types of MPLS nodes
• Ingress LSR:
– User Traffic classifies into FEC.
– It generate MPLS header and
Ingress
assign it an initial label. LSR
– If QOS is implemented then LSR
will condition the traffic
Transit
LSR
• Transit LSR
– Uses the MPLS header for
forwarding decision
– It also performs label swapping
– Not concerned with IP header Egress
LSR
• Egress LSR
– It removes MPLS header The MPLS nodes
16
Reference 1, Ch 9, page 152
Label swapping and Traffic forwarding
• LSR forwarding table map the
Incoming Label and interface to
an Outgoing Label and interface. Destination Network
IP L2
Label binding for an FEC from
the next hop.
18
Reference 1, Ch 9, Page 154 and Reference 2, Ch 5, Page 151
MPLS Support of Virtual Private Network
• MPLS can be used to support VPN customers
with very simple arrangement.
• VPN backbone can accommodate all traffic with one Customer 2 LSR A LSR C Cust 2
set of Labels for the LSP in the back bone. LSR B
IP 32 VPN IP 32
• The customers Labels are pushed down and are IP 33
not examined in the through the MPLS tunnel. IP 33
Customer 3
Customer 3
• When the packet arrive at the end of the VPN
backbone LSP then the LSR pops the Labels. Label Stacking in VPN
• Assumptions:
– Customers at the same ends of the MPLS
end to end path.
– Customers have the same QOS
requirements and FEC parameters Reference 1, Ch 9, page 155
19
MPLS Traffic Engineering
• It deals with Performance of network.
• Optical Control Plane deals with setting The MPLS and Optical Control Plane
up wavelength, optical coding scheme
(SDH/SONET), transfer rates, Protection
switching options.
WDM
• Reference 3 and 4 discussed about network
adapting the MPLS TE Control Plane for MPLS network
• MPLS term Traffic trunk = Optical Layer Term Optical Channel trail
• Uniform Control Plane for LSR and PXC as close interaction are needed
between Control and Data plane for the interwork of Label and wavelength.
• How to increase the utilization of the optical Channel trail in case traffic in
the LSP mapped with Optical channel is low.
31
Reference 1, Ch 10, page 177
Generalized MPLS use in optical network continued…
• GMPLS = Extension of MPLS to support various
switching technology (RFC 3945)
Packet LSP
32
Reference 26, 27
GMPLS Control Plane
• Optical network is
becoming the Transport
network for IP traffic Routing protocol
33
Reference 6, Ch 14, page 428
Resource Discovery and Link-state Information Dissemination
• Each Optical node need to know the Global topology and resource
information, which is possible by broadcasting local resource use and
neighbor connectivity information by each optical node.
• It can be done the OSPF (Reference 9) and its extension ( Reference 10)
• It can also be done by IS-IS (Reference 11) and its extension (Reference 12)
• Here neighbor discover require inband communication which is possible for
Opaque OXC with SONET termination.
• For Transparent OXC neighbor discovery generally utilizes a separate
protocol such as Link management protocol ( Reference 13)
• Issues: Scalability problem for link addressing and Link state advertisement
• Solutions:
• Unnumbered links: Globally unique end node ID ( LSR ID) plus local selector ID
• Link Bundling: The link attribute of multiple wavelength channel of similar
characteristics can aggregated.
34
Reference 6, Ch 14, page 428-429
CSPF Path computation
• CSPF = SPF + resource constraint + policy constraint : To achieve the
MPLS TE objective RFC 2702
• For optical network CSPF algorithm needs to be modified for the following
reason
• Link Bundling and Restoration Path Computation
35
Wavelength Assignment
Fiber 1 Fiber 1
λ1
• Opaque OXC and wave length λ2
λ1
λ2
Conversion λ3 λ3
Fiber 2
Fiber 2
Transparent OXC
• Wave Length Assignment Problem is
constrained to the CSPF algorithm λ1 λ1
λ2 λ2
λ3 λ3
Reservation 1
• Time for restoration is due to restoration path computation and traffic rerouting from primary
path to restoration path
37
Reference 6, Ch14, Page 431
Signaling
• Signaling is distributed path establishment
operation across Optical network
TEARDOWN ACK
SETUP
38
Reference 6, Ch14, Page 432-435
GMPLS Signaling Functional Requirements
• Same switching functionality for both end LSR
• Generalized label is defined with enough flexibility to represent Label for different
switching type.
• Label suggestion capability by the upstream node will reduce the LSP setup delay.
• Label set: Upstream restrict the label selection of the down stream to acceptable
limit.
• Explicit Label label selection offers capability of explicit label selection on a specific
on an explicit route
• GMPLS signaling for fault handling should minimize the packet loss.
39
Reference 6, Ch14, Page 435-436
IP – Centric Control Plane
IP Network Receive incoming message
Process the request with the help of other module
Initializing the control Plane
UNI
Optical
Network Main Module (MM)
Resource Protection/
Connection Management Restoration
Module Module Module
(CM) (RMM) (PRM)
•Light Path Signaling
•Maintenance
•Survivability
•Routing and wavelength Assignment (RWA) •Fault Monitoring
•Topology and Resource Discovery •Fast Protection/
•QOS support Restoration
43
Connection Module (CM) Continued……
1 Reserved
Creating
5
Processing of Lightpath signaling
4 2
6
Resource Reservation/
Lightpath State Transfer Deleted Active
Release
3
• Each row of TCM is the LCV of the Node Node Node Node Node Node
node I plus a time stamp. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Node
1
• RMM also maintain a Global Resource
Node
Table (GRT) consisting of LRT of all 2
nodes.
Node
3
• RMM utilize different RWA algorithm to Node
support QOS. 4
Node
• QOS support: 5
• Solution is by implementing:
• External Signaling Protocol (ESP):
Used for Signaling across NNI
• Internal Signaling protocol( ISP): May
be different for different network NNI
• Possibility of BGP extension is being studied for
Routing .
50
References
1. Optical Networks, Third Generation Transport Systems by Uyless Black
2. Optical Network Control Architecture, Protocols, and Standards by Greg Bernstein
4. Multi-Protocol Lambda Switching: Combining MPLS Traffic Engineering Control With Optical
Crossconnects draft-awduche-mpls-te-optical-03.txt
6. IP Over WDM: Building the next Generation Optical Internet, Edited by Sudhir Dixit
11. Use of OSI ISIS for Routing in TCP/IP and Dual Environments: RFC 1195
14. http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~hgs/internet/traffic.html
15. WDM Technologies, Volume III - Optical Networks - 2004 - (By A.K.Dutta)
16. http://bgp.potaroo.net/
17. Design of Logical Topologies for Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks, Rajiv Ramaswami,
IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 14, NO. 5, JUNE 1996
18. WDM Optical Networks: Concept, Design and Algorithm by C. Siva Ram Murthy
19. Transparent Optical Packet Switching: The European ACTS KEOPS Project Approach,
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1998
20. High-capacity Multi-service optical label switching for the next generation Internet,
IEEE Optical Communications * May 2004
21. Choices, Features and Issues in Optical Burst Switching, Optical Network Magazine, Vol.1, no.2, pp 36-44, April 2000
52
Reference Continued….
23. Labeled Optical Burst Switching for I P-over-W DM Integration, IEEE Communications Magazine
September 2000
24. Efficient Distributed Control Protocols for WDM All-Optical Networks*Computer Communications and
Networks, 1997. Proceedings
28. On an IP-Centric Optical Control Plane, IEEE Communications Magazine September 2001
53