Learning Objectives

You will be able to

 Explain what a type curve is and what it allows us to
do (Menjelaskan apa itu type curve dan apakah itu mengizinkan kita melakukan)
 Explain dimensionless variables and their
advantages (menjelaskan variabel2 tak berdimensi dan keuntungannya)
 List assumptions underlying Gringarten and
derivative type curves (mendaftar asumsi2 pokok type curve gringarte dan
derivatif)
 Define pressure derivative and state its value during
radial flow and WBS-dominated flow (mendifinisikan tekanan
derivatif dan menyetakan nilainya selama aliran radial dan WBS dominasi aliran)
 Sketch and label Gringarten and derivative type
curves ( membuat sketsa dan label type curve derivatif dan gringarten)
 Explain value of derivative type curve (menjelaskan arti dari type
curve derivative)
 Type Curves
 Pre-plotted solutions to flow equations for
selected formations and conditions
 Powerful method for analyzing pressure
drawdown and buildup tests
 Field data overlaid on type curve
 Best-match provides qualitative and
quantitative descriptions of formation and
properties
 Dimensionless Variables
qB  948ct r 2 
p  pi  70.6 Ei 
kh  kt 
 
  r 
2 
rD 
r
   
rw
kh pi  p  1 
 rw  
  Ei   
141.2qB 2   0.0002637 kt  
 4 
kh pi  p     ct rw2  
pD    
141.2qB 0.0002637 kt
 2 
1  rD  tD 
p D   Ei  ct rw2
2  4t D 
 Dimensionless Variables
 Advantages
 Solution can be expressed in terms of single
variable (tD) and parameter (rD)
 Much simpler graphical or tabular
presentation of solution
 Can include dimensionless skin factor (s)
and wellbore storage coefficient (CD)

0 .8936C
CD  2
ct hrw
 Gringarten Type Curves
 Based on solution to radial diffusivity equation
 Vertical well, constant production rate
 Infinite-acting, homogenous-acting
w n reservoir
o
d le liquid
ra w
 Single-phase, slightly compressible
b
flowing r d u s a
d o
f lls, ls
p
 Infinitesimal
o e e
skin factor
w e l
(thin ‘membrane’) at
e l i l s w
e v on o , ga
production face
D ts u p
s
 Constant
te bui ld
wellbore-storage coefficient

for
Gringarten Type Curve

100
CD e 2s=1060

pD
Similarities of
CD e 2s=0.01
curves make
matching difficult

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
 Derivative Type Curve
 Designed to eliminate ambiguity in
Gringarten type curve
 ‘Derivative’ of solution to radial diffusivity
equation on Gringarten type curve
 Derivative is
p D p D
 tD  t D pD
 ln t D t D
or
 p  p
t  t  p
 ln  t  t
 Pressure Derivative
 Infinite-acting radial flow

70.6qB   1688 c r 2  
p   ln t w 
 2s
kh 
  kt  

Derivatives: In dimensionless terms,
 p p
t  p D  0.5 ln t D   0.809  2 s 
t  ln  t 
Derivatives:
p 70.6qB p D p D p D
t  tD  tD  0 .5
t kh t D  ln  t D  t D
 Pressure Derivative
 Complete wellbore storage distortion

qBt In dimensionless terms,

p 
24C pD  t D / C D
Derivative:
Derivative:
p qBt
t   p p D
t 24C tD  t D / C D  pD
t D
 Derivative Type Curve

100
Differences in curve CDe2s=1060
shapes make
matching easier
CDe2s=1010
tDp´D

CDe2s=100

CDe2s=0.01

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Pressure + Derivative Type Curves

100
Combining curves
gives each stem
value two distinctive
shapes

pD

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
 Progress Check
 Explain what a type curve is and what it allows us to
do
 Explain dimensionless variables and their
advantages
 List assumptions underlying Gringarten and
derivative type curves
 Define pressure derivative and state its value during
radial flow and WBS-dominated flow
 Sketch and label Gringarten and derivative type
curves
 Explain value of derivative type curve
 Learning Objectives
You will be able to
 Sketch and explain early- and middle-time
regions on pressure/derivative type curves
 Sketch high, no, negative skin regions on
pressure/derivative type curves
 Contrast and explain shapes of BU and DD
type curves
 Define equivalent time and explain its value
in applications
Pressure/Derivative Type Curve

100

WBS Transition Radial Flow

Horizontal
Derivative
pD
Unit
Slope
Line

Early-Time Region Middle-Time Region

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Pressure + Derivative Type Curve

100

High skin

pD No skin

Negative skin

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Drawdown vs. Buildup Type Curves
100
Buildup Response
Dimensionless pressure

10

Shape depends on duration of

1 production time prior to shut-in
Drawdown

0.1
5 6 7 8
tpD =10 tpD =10 tpD =10 tpD =10

0.01
1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08 1E+09
Dimensionless shutin
Dimensionless shut-intime
time
 Equivalent Time For PBU Tests
 Drawdown
qB   k  
pi  pwf  162.6  
log 10 t p  log    3.23  0.869 s 
2
kh   c r
t w 
 Buildup
qB  k  
pi  pws  162.6  
log 10 t p  t  log    3.23  0.869 s 
2
kh    c r
t w 

qB   k  
162.6 log 10  t   log  2
  3.23  0.869 s 
kh    c r
t w 
 Equivalent Time for PBU Tests
 Subtract drawdown and buildup
qB   k  
pws  pwf  162.6  
log 10 t p  log    3.23  0.869 s 
2
kh   c r
t w 
  k  
 162.6
qB
 
log 10 t p  t  log    3.23  0.869 s 
2
kh   c r
t w 

qB   k  
 162.6 log 10  t   log    3.23  0.869 s 
2
kh   c r
t w 
 Simplifying,
qB   t p t   k  
pws  pwf  162.6 log 10    log    3.23  0.869 s 
kh   t p  t   c r 
2

    t w
Equivalent Time For PBU Tests
 Drawdown equation
qB   k  
pi  pwf  162.6  
log 10 t p  log    3.23  0.869 s 
2
kh   c r
t w 
 Buildup equation
qB   t p t   k  
pws  pwf  162.6 log 10    log    3.23  0.869 s 
kh   t p  t   c r 2  
    t w

 Introducing equivalent time

qB   k  
pws  pwf  162.6 log 10  t e   log    3.23  0.869 s 
2
kh   c r
t w 
Equivalent Time For PBU Tests

Drawdown

p  pi  pwf vs t
Buildup

p  pws  pwf vs t e
Properties of Equivalent Time
t p t
t e 
t p  t
tp
 t  t ,  t   t p
t p  t
t
 tp  t p , t   t p
t p  t
tp

HTR
 Progress Check
 Sketch and explain early- and middle-time
regions on pressure/derivative type curves
 Sketch high, no, negative skin regions on
pressure/derivative type curves
 Contrast and explain shapes of BU and DD
type curves
 Define equivalent time and explain its value
in applications
 Learning Objectives
You will be able to
 Explain how to match field data to a type
curve
 Explain how to estimate k, s from type-curve
match
 Using Type Curves

100

1,000

pD
p

1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal

100

1,000

pD
p

Align data with

1 horizontal part of
teq type curves 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal

100

1,000

pD
p

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal

100

1,000

pD
p

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal

100

1,000

pD
p

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal

100

1,000

pD p

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal

100

1,000

pD p

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal

100

1,000

pD p

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal

100

1,000

pD p

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal

100

1,000
Stop when data align
with horizontal
derivative
p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

Begin to move toward unit slope line

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope

100

1,000

Stop when data align

with unit slope line
p
pD

1
teq 1,000

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Interpret the Type Curve
Calculate CDe2s from
100 matching stem value
1,000

p/pD k  C De 2s 
s  0.5 ln curve
Extrapolate 
p  C
as necessary 
pD  D 

1
teq 1,000
 teq/tD  CD

0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Calculate k From Pressure Match

141.2qB  pD 
k  
h  p  M .P .

k
 141.2 50 1.325 0.609  10 
 
 15  262 
 14.5 md
 Calculate CD From Time Match

0.0002637 k  t eq 
CD   
2  
 ct rw  D D  M.P .
t C

CD 
 0.000263714.5  0.0546 
 
 0.183 0.609 1.76  10  0.25  1 
5 2

 1703
Calculate s From CDe 2s

 2s 
1  C De 
s  ln
2  C D 

 9
1  7  10 
s  ln
2  1703 
 7.6
5 April 2007