Reproductive System

Dr. Dicky Moch. Rizal, MKes, SpAnd

Bag. Ilmu Faal, FK UGM
Pokok bahasan
 Struktur dan fungsi organ repro pria
 Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
 Spermatogenesis dan regulasinya
 Hormon testosteron
 Struktur dan fungsi organ repro
wanita
 Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
 Siklus mentruasi dan regulasinya
 Hormon reproduksi wanita
 Kehamilan dan menyusui
 Fertilisasi dan implantasi
 Embriogenesis dan organogenesis
 dasar-dasar genetika reproduksi
 Kelainan genetik
 Biologi sel
 Determination
 Differentiation
 Development
 Degeneration
Male Reproductive Anatomy and
Physiology
 4 weeks germs migration

TDF+, MIF+, TESTOSTERON + TDF - , MIF -

Copied from Leon Speroff

Clin Gyn End
6
Testis formation 7-12 weeks
Partially differentiated external male
and female genitalia
Fully developed male & female
external genitalia
Fetal external genitals: male

15 weeks 16 weeks
Male Reproduction:
Anatomy & Physiology
1. Sperm
Production

2. Sperm
Transport
 Testicle has two function/activities :
 Steroidogenesis
 Spermatogenesis

 Tubulus seminiferous is the part of

testicle placed of spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis
 Unlike oogenesis, spermatogenesis is
a continous process which can be
divided into 3 stages :
 The production of gametes or germ cell
 Their functional differentiation for
fertilization
 The structural differentiation which
renders them actively motile
 MITOTIC DIVISION

MEIOTIC DIVISIONS

TRANSFORMATION
Testicular
Compartmentalization
Spermatogenesis: Sperm
Production in the Testis
Spermatozoa Structure and
Functions in Review
Palermo et al., 1997
Regulation of Spermatogenesis
Male Sex Steroid Synthesis
Major Testicular Steroids
Testosterone from birth…..
Testosterone level
 A. Mullerian and wolffian
ducts. B. Fusion of mullerian
ducts. C. Regression of mesonephric
ducts. D. Uterus, cervix, and vagina.
 The principal congenital anomalies of
the vagina include the following:
Longitudinal septurn 32
Transverse septurn 15
Vaginal agenesis 11
Mesonephric remnants 15
 Diagram of various lesions causing
hydrometrocolpos. A. Imperforate hymen. B. Transverse
septum. C and D. Low and high atresia of vagina
The Menstrual Cycle

 Menstrual, Proliferative and Secretory

phases
 Correlated to the Follicular and Luteal
phases of the ovarian cycle
 Menstrual phase (days 1-5)
 Proliferative phase (days 5-14)
 Secretory phase (days 14-28)
Menstrual cycle
 Endometrial cycle

 Ovarian cycle

 Cervical/Vagina cycle
THE HISTOLOGIC CHANGES IN
ENDOMETRIUM DURING AN OVULATORY
CYCLE

 The purpose of Two-thirds “fungsionalis “ layer

endometrium is to prepare for the implantation
of blastocyst.
 Therefore, it is the site of proliferation,
secretion, and degeneration.
 The purpose of the one-third “basalis” layer is
to provide the regenerative endometrium
following menstrual loss of the fungtionalis.
The Proliferative Phase

 This is governed by increasing levels of

ovarian ß-oestradiol (E2)
 Mitosis occurs within both epithelial and
stromal cells
 General thickening of the tissue
 Growth of the glands, which may appear
pseudostratified
 Glandular epithelial cell nuclei are basal
The Early Secretory Phase

 Begins on the day of ovulation

 Increasing levels of luteal progesterone (P4)
 Sub-nuclear secretory vacuoles develop
within the glandular epithelium (days 14-20)
 Glands become corkscrew-shaped, develop a
nuclear channel system, an enlarged Golgi
complex and giant mitochondria
 Stromal cells may acquire vacuoles
11
r

10
 Ovarian structure :
 Fixed no germ cell (oocytes)
 Weeks 22 gestation --- 7 millions
immature oocytes
 Birth---2 millions oogonia
 Puberty each ovary weigh 5-10 g
 Only 500 oocytes will become mature
rest die (atretic)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Hormonal related
 Role of Estrogen
 In reproductive system :
 Growth of repro organ
 Menstrual cycle : foliculogenesis and oogenesis
 Vaginal cycle
 Pregnancy
 Lactation
 Non reproductive system
 Brain
 Skin
 Kidney
 Growth
 Metabolism
 Deposition of Ca
 Cardiovascular
 FSH

 LH

 inhibin

 Prolactin

 Oxytocyn
 Progesterone
 Menstrual cycle
 Vaginal cycle
 Implantation-pregnancy
 Lactation
Oogenesis

Figure 28.15
The Ovarian Cycle

Figure 28.16
 The uterus
 Muscular organ
 Mechanical protection
 Nutritional support
 Waste removal for the developing embryo
and fetus
 Supported by the broad ligament and 3
pairs of suspensory ligaments
 Uterine wall consists of three
layers:
 Myometrium – outer muscular layer
 Endometrium – a thin, inner, glandular
mucosa
 Perimetrium – an incomplete serosa
continuous with the peritoneum
The Uterine Wall

Figure 28.19a
Figure 28.20 The Uterine Cycle

Figure 28.20
 Hormonal Secretion

 Hormones are secreted in 3 types of

patterns, episodic, basal (tonic) and
sustained.
 Episodic is associated with hormones
under nervous control such as when
nerves in hypothalamus “fire”,
neuropeptides (GnRH) are released in
sudden bursts. Hormones from the AP
tend to be released in this manner.
Hormonal Secretion
 Basal or tonic secretion is where the
hormone fluctuates with low
amplitude pulses.
 Sustained release is where the
hormone remains elevated but in a
relatively steady state for a long
period of time. Steroids tend to be
secreted this way.
Hormonal Feedback

 Hormonal feedback can be either

positive and cause a continued
release of the hormone
(preovulatory surge) or negative
(luteal phase) and decrease the
release of the hormone.
 Feedback can occur at three
different levels and is termed: ultra-
short feedback, short feedback, and
long feedback.
Hormonal Feedback
 Ultra-short feedback is where the
releasing factors or hormones (GnRH)
are released from the hypothalamus
and feeds back directly to the
hypothalamus to decrease it’s own
secretion.
 Short feedback : releasing factors or
hormones causes the release of the AP
hormones, which feedback and inhibit
the further release of releasing
hormones from the hypothalamus.
Hormonal Feedback
 Long feedback is where secretion of
the releasing hormone and the AP
hormone is inhibited by the increased
secretion of steroid hormones from
the gonad.
Female feedback Diagram
 Early Embryonic Development

 After fertilization, the embryo spends the first

four days in the oviduct (fallopian tube).
 The developing embryo then goes to the
uterus, and implants in the uterine
endometrium on Day 6 (blastocyst stage of
development).
 By day 6, the trophoblast cells of the embryo
begin to produce hCG.
 In a normally developing embryo, hCG levels
(in maternal circulation) will double every 3
days, reaching peak at about 2 months of
pregnancy.
Actions of hCG

 hCG binds to the LH receptor in the corpus

luteum, maintaining luteal steroidogenesis
during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy.
 In addition, hCG may act to stimulate
testosterone production from the
developing testes in male embryos.