SPSS Training Course

Hazhar Talaat Abubaker Blbas

October 6th, 2018

E-mail: hazharstat@gmail.com
Research gate: Hazhar Blbas
Cell-phone#: 0750 481 3436
[

Masters Degree of Statistical Computing at University of Central Florida in USA-2014

 SPSS at a glance
• SPSS stands for Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences

• The newest version of SPSS is SPSS 25.

Today we will be working on SPSS 22.

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 Objective of SPSS

Define of Variables and Coding

Data Entry

Analysis of Data

Out put

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 Basic structure of SPSS
SPSS has three windows
for working with data:

The Data Editor Window (.sav)

shows data in two forms:
Data view
Variable view

The Output Viewer Window (.spv)

shows results of data analysis

The Syntax Editor Window (.sps)

shows the syntax command script
This also where you can type and run
your own syntax commands.

You must save the data editor window (.sav) and output viewer window (.spv)
separately. Make sure to save both if you want to save your changes in data or
analysis.*
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 The Data Editor Window (sav)
Variable view
The place to enter variables
Rows define the variable characteristics:
Name, Type, Width, Decimals, Label, Values, Missing, Columns,
Align, Measure, Role

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 The Data Editor Window (sav)
Data view
The place to enter data
Rows are cases (records)
Columns are variables

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 Variable View window: Name
– The first character of the variable name must be alphabetic
– Variable names must be unique, and have to be less than 64 characters.
– Spaces and special characters (eg !, ?, ', and *) cannot be used.
– variable names cannot end with a period
– Reserved keywords cannot be used as variable names – these are ALL, AND,
BY, EQ, GE, GT, LE, LT, NE, NOT, OR, TO and WITH; (lower and upper case)

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 Variable View window: Type
• The Type column is showing Numeric for all rows. This means that
numeric (number) values will be expected in the dataset relating to these
variables.
– Click on the ‘type’ box. The two basic types of variables that you will use
are numeric and string. This column enables you to specify the type of
variable.

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 Variable View window: Width
Width allows you to determine the number of characters
SPSS will allow to be entered for the variable

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Variable View window: Decimals
– Number of decimals
– It has to be less than or equal to 16

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 Variable View window: Label
– You can specify the details of the variable
– You can write characters with spaces up to 256 characters
⁻ If you want to specify where a new line appears in a label, type
\n within the text and SPSS will wrap the label at this point.

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 Variable View window: Value labels
• This is used and to suggest which numbers represent
which categories when the variable represents a category
• For the value, and the label, you can put up to 60 characters.
• In the value’s blank put the number (code) and label’s blank put the
name of code
• After defining the values click add and then click OK.

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Variable View window : Missing Value
• Missing values are used to define user-specified missing
information.
– No response
– Refused to answer
– Data entry mistakes

There are two types of missing values in SPSS:

System-missing values: By default, for non-string variables, an
empty cell is defined as a system missing value and does not need
to be further declared.
User-defined missing data are values that the researcher can tell
SPSS to recognize as missing. For example, 99, 999, and 9999
are common user-defined missing value.
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 How use a 999 code as missing values in
your variable which has missing values
Look at your variables in VARIABLE VIEW that has missing values
• Go to Transform Recode into same variable Click on System or
user-missing plug the number 999 in the Value box Continue & Ok
• Select that variable’s missing cell by clicking on the blue box in the right
corner.
• Click DISCRETE MISSING VALUES
• Enter 999 to define this variable’s missing value

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 Replacing missing values
• click TRANSFORM
• click REPLACE MISSING VALUES
• select the variable with missing values and move it to the right using the
arrow
• SPSS will rename and create a new variable with your filled in data.
• click METHOD to select
what type of method you
would like SPSS to use when
replacing missing values.
• click OK and view your new
data in data view

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 Variable View window: Measurement
• The almost final column is concerned with the measurement
scale properties of your variable. In statistics certain procedures
are only appropriate for variables measured on specific scales of
measurement. The measurement characteristics recognized by
SPSS are as follows:

Scale : to represent a numeric variable that can take discrete or continuous

values along a range (e.g., age, weight, income)

Ordinal : “ordered” – categories that can be ranked (e.g., level of education)

Nominal: “non ordered” – categories that cannot be ranked (e.g., Color of eye)

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 Variable View window: Role of variables
• The final column is concerned with role your variable is going to
take in the analysis. This is a new column for version 18. In
statistics certain procedures are only appropriate for certain types
of variable.
The roles recognized by SPSS are as follows:
• Input: this is variable can be used as an independent predictor.
• Target: this is the outcome of the analysis
• Both: this can be either target or input
• None: no role assigned
• Partition: this variable can be used to partition the data, such as a variable
which defines a test or training data set.
• Split: This is included for compatibility with other PASW programmers
There are very few procedures in version 18 which require the role to be
defined. We will leave all variables with the default role of input.
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 Saving an SPSS data file (Cont.)
Example1: Save the variable that represents the
age of 30 students on the Desktop and called
“Economic1”.
Age of students:20, 21, 23, 25, 22, 23, 20, 26,
25, 24, 20, 20, 18, 23, 20, 22,
25, 20, 24, 22, 20, 24, 25, 25,
20, 19, 19, 18, 24, 25

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 Saving an SPSS data file
Solution1:
1. Select File in the Data Editor window and then select Save
2. Ensure the desired directory is displayed in the Look in box.
3. Type Economic 1 in the File name box and then Click on Save.

4. The saved data from SPSS appears in the file Economic 1.sav.
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 Opening a file
Open the data in previous example.
Solution:
1. Go back into SPSS.
2. Click on File Open Data
3. Click on Economic 1.sav in the file name. Then, Click open.

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 Opening a data file which already
SPSS has it
Example2: Open the data file named “CATALOG.SAV
in SPSS program.

Solution2:
• Click on FILE OPEN DATA
• Click on MY COMPUTER LOCAL DISK C:/
• Click on PROGRAM FILES (IBM) SPSS Inc
• Click on PASW Statistics 18 Samples English
• Select CATALOG.SAV Open
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 Saving an SPSS output file (Cont.)
Example3: Find the mean for Example1 and then
save an output file called Economic1
Solution3:
1. Click on Analysis Descriptive Statistics Frequencies
2. Transfer the Age of Students variable into Variable(s) box
3. Click on Statistics and then choose mean from Central Tendency
4. Click on Continue and Ok.

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 Saving SPSS output file
5. Select File in the SPSS Viewer window and then select Save
6. Ensure the desired directory is displayed in the look in box.
7. Type Economic 1 in the File name box.

8. The saved output from SPSS appears in the file Economic

1.spv.
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 Open SPSS output file
Open an output in previous example.
Solution:
1. Go back into SPSS .
2. Click on File Open Output
3. Click on Economic 1.spv in the file name. Then, Click open.

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Example4: How would you put the following information
into SPSS?

Name Gender Height

JAUNITA 2 5.4
SALLY 2 5.3
DONNA 2 5.6
SABRINA 2 5.7
JOHN 1 5.7
MARK 1 6
ERIC 1 6.4
BRUCE 1 5.9
Value =1 represents Male and Value =2 represents Female
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Solution4:

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 Exporting data from SPSS to Excel
• In SPSS, open SPSS data file “Economic1” and then go to:
• File, Save as,
• Select Type of file (For Example, Excel 2007 (*.xlsx)) you want to save
into and the File name that you want to save into.

Now, we can see our Excel file in Desktop “Economic 2”

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 Importing data from Excel into SPSS
• In SPSS, go to: File, Open, Data
• Select Type of file (For Example, Excel (*.xlsx)) you want to open
• Select File name you want to open (For Example, we already have the
Excel file “Economic 2” that we can choose it, Click ok and then Ok.

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Example5: For the following information in Group A data, sort
the cases by variable called Height.
Group A

Solution5:
How to Sort Cases
Data Sort Cases.. . Select the variable named Height
and then transfer it to the sort by box then tick an
Ascending in Sort Order Hazhar Blbas 29
Click Ok

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Sort Variables: You can sort the variables in the active dataset based
on the values of any of the variable attributes (e.g., variable name,
data type, measurement level). Values can be sorted in ascending or
descending order.

Example 6: Depending on example 5, sort the variables by Name.

Solution 6:
How to Sort Variables
Data Sort Variables.. .
Select Name in the Variable
View Columns then
tick an Ascending in Sort Order

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Click on Ok

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Weight Cases: This option is especially useful when you want to
carry out a chi-square test (see Nonparametric Tests- Chi Square in
the Analyze menu). Usually, a cell in a data file represents one
observation for a particular case. However, on some occasions you
may want a cell to represent the frequency of occurrence of cases of a
particular variable. Also, it is useful to fine Weighted Mean.

Example 9: Calculate the Mean and Weight Mean for the data
represents the degree and credit for his test by SPSS.

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Solution 9:
1. Click the Frequency from the Descriptive Statistics in
Analysis and then Plug the Degree variable into Variable box
From the Statistics click the Mean and then click on Continue
Statistics
Degree
Valid 4
N
Missing 0
Mean 72.50

2. Click on weighted case

from the Data and then Plug
credit variable into Frequency
Variable box from Weight Cases by
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3. Click the Frequency from the Descriptive
Statistics in Analysis and then Plug the Degree
variable into Variable box. From the Statistics click
on Mean and then click on Continue.
Statistics Valid=10+30+10+50=100
Degree
Valid 100
N
Missing 0
Mean 76.50
Interpretation: there is the difference between the
Mean value (72) and Weighted mean value (76)
because the credits (hours) are not equal.
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 Computing Variables
Use the Compute dialog box to compute values for a
variable based on numeric transformations of other
variables.
You can create new variables or replace the values of
existing variables.

arithmetic operators
+ Addition
– Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
** Exponentiation
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Example 10: Depending on Example 4 adding a new variable
named ‘New.height’ which is the natural log (LN) of height
Name Gender Height
JAUNITA 2 5.4
SALLY 2 5.3
DONNA 2 5.6
SABRINA 2 5.7
JOHN 1 5.7
MARK 1 6
ERIC 1 6.4
BRUCE 1 5.9
Value =1 represents Male and Value =2 represents Female
Solution 10:
• Click ‘Transform’ and then click ‘Compute Variable
• Type in New.height in the ‘Target Variable’ box. Then type in
‘ln(height)’ in the ‘Numeric Expression’ box. Click OK
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A new variable ‘New.height’ is added to the table

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Example 11: Create a new variable named “Sqrt.height”
which is the square root of height.
Solution 11:

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A new variable ‘Sqrt.height’ is added to the table

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 Count Values within Cases
Count creates a variable that counts the occurrences
(frequency) of the same value(s) in a list of
variables for each case. For example, a survey
might contain a list of magazines with yes/no check
boxes to indicate which magazines each respondent
reads. You could count the number of yes responses
for each respondent to create a new variable that
contains the total number of magazines read.

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Example 12: We have the table includes the homework
and the average for 5 students among 10 weeks in SPSS
class, (1: bring the homework and 0: missing the
homework). Count the number of bringing the
homework for each students.

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Solution 12:Steps to count occurrences of values within cases
 In the Data Editor window select Transform.
 From the Transform menu select Count Values within Cases....
 Enter a target variable name .
 Transfer all 10 weeks variables into the Numeric Variable space.
 Click on Define Values and write the number 1 in the Value space and then click
Add, Continue, Ok respectively.

Homework: Find the degree of homework by adding 5 degree for bringing each
homework and subtract 5 degree for missing each homework, and then calculate the
final average for the average column that already 5 students have it and the
homework degree that you should find it. Blbas
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 Modifying variables – Recode
A. Recode into Same Variables
You can recode the values of a variable and still retain this variable in
a data file.
B. Recode into Different Variables
In some cases you may want to recode the values of a variable but
retain its original values. To achieve this, you need to recode the
original variable into a different variable
Example 13: Sometimes you might want to use data in a
different form, such as looking at the age groups young (30
and under) and old (31 and above) rather than exact age.
Age of students:30, 31, 33, 35, 32, 33, 30, 36, 35, 34, 30, 30, 28, 33,
30, 32, 35, 30, 34, 32, 30, 34, 35, 35, 30, 29, 29, 28,
34, 35
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Solution 13: the values of age could be recoded to 1 and 2,
representing say, young (1) and old (2).

 To recode age to Newage (age category):

• Click on Transform Recode Into Different Variables.

Click Age of students in the source variable list and then click on
the to transfer age.
• Write the new name to the new variable called New.age in the
Name Box and then click on the Change to register the new
output variable.
• Click on the Old and New Values box to open the new dialog box
• To create a young (to be called 1) and an old category
(to be called 2), recode the values 0 through to 30 into the new
value 1:
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Click on the Range, LOWEST through button and type 30 in the
text box
Type 1 in the New Value text box and click Add to place this
specification in the Old into New text box.
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Repeat to recode values (ages) 31 and above to new value 2,
using Range, value through HIGHEST. Remember to click Add.
Click on Continue and then Ok
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Click on the Window list
and then Example13.sav
to see your result:

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Use Frequencies to tabulate (calculate) New.age variable
and check the results.
You should find that 12 subjects are aged 30 or less and
18 subjects are age 31 or more.

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 Replace Missing Values
• Missing observations can be problematic in analysis. Some time
series measures cannot be computed if there are missing values in
the series. Sometimes the value for a particular observation is
simply not known. The data should be quantitative for replacing
missing values.
Steps for Replacing Missing Values
in Time Series Variables
 In the Data Editor window select Transform.
 From the Transform menu select Replace Missing Values...
 Transfer the variable that you want to use to replace missing
values into the New Variable’s space.
 Select the estimation method that you want it and then enter the
variable name and click on Change.
 Finally, click on ok Hazhar Blbas 51
 Estimation Methods for Replacing Missing Values
• Series mean: Replaces missing values with the mean for the entire
series.
• Mean of nearby points: Replaces missing values with the mean of valid
surrounding values (Mean of one or two values before and after the
missing values). The span of nearby points is the number of valid values
above and below the missing value used to compute the mean.
• Median of nearby points: Replaces missing values with the median of
valid surrounding values. Especially, when we have the outliers in our
data.
• Linear interpolation:Replaces missing values using a linear interpolation.
The last valid value before the missing value and the first valid value
after the missing value are used for the interpolation. If the first or last
case in the series has a missing value, the missing value is not replaced it
means we can not use it.
• Linear trend at point: Replaces missing values with the linear trend for
that point. The existing series is regressed on an index variable scaled 1
to n. Missing values are replaced with
Hazhar their predicted values.
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Example 14: Find the missing values for all variables by
deserve method in table below:

Solution 14:
• I will run the Series Mean Method to find missing value in age
variable.
• I will run the Median of nearby points Method by number of
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span=1 to find missing value in Num_Cigs variable.
• I will run the Linear trend at point Method to find missing
value in Cinemas variable because the missing values are the
first and last data in variable. Also, we can use the first
method.

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 Frequency Tables (Cont.)
Example 15: From the smoker table in below find the number of
males and females and then draw the Bar Chart for the same variable.

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 Frequency Tables (Cont.)
Solution 15:
 In the Data Editor window select Analyze.
 From the Analyze menu select Descriptive Statistics.
 From the Descriptive Statistics submenu, select Frequencies
 Select Sex of respondent.
 Click the right pointing arrow head to move sex into the Variables box

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Frequency Tables

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 Producing a bar chart from frequencies
• To create a bar chart for sex using the Frequencies box:
 In the Analyze menu, click Descriptive Statistics.
 From the Descriptive Statistics submenu, click Frequencies.
 Select Sex of respondent [Sex] and then click on to
choose Bar charts and click on the continue, ok respectively.

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 Descriptive Statistics (Cont.)
Example 16: Find mean, median, mode, quartiles, standard
deviation, variance, range, minimum, maximum, standard error of
mean, skewness, and kurtosis for variable age and then draw a
Histogram for the same variable called age.

Solution 16:
Select Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies
Select Age last birthday [age] Click Statistics…

In the new dialog box select all measures of statistics that

you need them such as, mean, median, …, kurtosis. And
then click on Continue

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Descriptive Statistics (Cont.)

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 Displaying histogram
Use the Frequencies dialog box to request a histogram:
Select Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies
Select Age last birthday [age] Click Charts Histogram(s)
To display a normal curve on the chart:
Select With normal curve Click Continue and then click OK

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Homework:
1- Find the frequency Table and Pie Chart for the
Smoker variable?
1- Find mean, median, mode, quartiles, standard
deviation, variance, range, minimum, maximum,
standard error of mean, skewness, and kurtosis for
Num-Sigs variable and then draw a Histogram for
the same variable.

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 Testing Normality
Example 17 : Is the weight of student normal or not.
135 119 106 135 180 108 128 160 143 175 170
205 195 185 182 150 175 190 180 195 220 235
Solution 17:
 First of all, we have to write the Null and Alternative hypothesis
for checking normality
H0: the data is distributed normally
Ha: the data is not distributed normally
 Second, procedure for Testing Normality
• Analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore
• Put the weight variable into the Dependent list and tick Both
• Click on Plots and then tick on Normality
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The p-value 0.692 from Shapiro-Wilk test of normality is
greater than 0.05 which imply that it is acceptable to assume
that the weight of student is normal (or bell-shaped)

Notice: 1- If the value of Sig. is less than and equal to α=0.05, we do

reject Ho, if the value of Sig. is greater than α=0.05, we fail to reject
Ho (accept Ho).
2- If the number of sample size is less than and equal to 50
use Shapiro-Wilk but if the number of sample size is grater than 50
use Kolmogorov-Smirnov for testing normality.
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 One Samples T-test (Cont.)
One sample t-test is a statistical procedure often performed to
compares one sample mean with a specific (hypothesized) value
Assumptions: dependent variable is scale, Randomization,
and Normal Distribution
Example 18: To test whether the average weight of student
population is different from 140 lb.
135 119 106 135 180 108 128 160 143 175 170
205 195 185 182 150 175 190 180 195 220 235
Solution 18: Ho: the data is distributed normally
Ha: the data is not distributed normally
The weight of student is normal (or bell-shaped) because the p-value
0.200 from Shapiro-Wilk test of normality is greater than 0.05.
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 One Samples T-test (Cont.)
To perform the one sample t-test:
• Analyze Compare Means One Sample T Test
• Select the variable “weight” to be analyzed into the Test Variable
box, and enter140 into the Test Value and then click on ok

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 One Samples T-test (Cont.)
Null hypothesis is H0:  = 1000.
Alternative hypothesis is H1:   1000.

The correct value

for the sample
mean was 166.86 The standard error of the
sampling distribution was
correctly identified as
7.5.
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 One Samples T-test (Cont.)

The one sample t-test statistic is 3.582 and the p-value from this
statistic is 0.002 and that is less than 0.05 (the level of
significance usually used for the test) Such a p-value indicates
that the average weight of the sampled population is statistically
significantly different from 140 lb. The 95% confidence interval
estimate for the difference between the population mean weight
and 140 lb is (11.27, 42.46)
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Example 19: Testing whether light bulbs have a life of 1000
hours at  = .05
800, 750, 940, 970, 790, 980, 820, 760, 1000, 860

Solution 19:
– Null hypothesis is H0:  = 1000.
– Alternative hypothesis is H1:   1000.

Click Analyze, Compare Means, One-Sample T Test.

Select light bulb (name of variables) and put it in the
Test Variables box. Type 1000 in the Test Value box.
Click OK. You get the output on next slide

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 One-Sample Statistics

Std. Error
N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
BULBLIFE 10 867.0000 96.7299 30.5887

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 1000

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Difference
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
BULBLIFE -4.348 9 .002 -133.0000 -202.1964 -63.8036

Because the p-value (Sig. (2-tailed)) is less than .05, we reject H0. So,
it’s significant.
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 Independent Samples T-test (Cont.)
• T-tests are used to demonstrate whether two groups are the
same with respect to a variable which has a continuous
normal distribution.
Example 20: A variable which has a continuous normal distribution
in this data set is the age, and two groups might be those
people who smoke and those people who are not smokers
as defined by the question ‘Do you smoke?’
We are testing whether the means demonstrated in the
variable age above are statistically significantly different
with variable smokers?
Solution 20: First of all, we will check the normality for variable age as we
did in the one sample t-test. Since, The p-value 0.269 from Shapiro-Wilk
test of normality is greater than 0.05 which imply that it is acceptable to
assume that the age distribution is normal (or bell-shaped)
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 Independent Samples T-test (Cont.)
• To Perform Independent Sample T-Test:
– Null hypothesis is H0:  1=  2
– Alternative hypothesis is H1:  1  2
–Analyze Compare Means Independent Samples T-Test
• Put age variable in the Test Variable box and put Smoker variable
in the Grouping variable box
• Select Define Groups: Type 1 in the blank Group 1 & Type 2 in the
blank Group 2
• Select Continue and then ok

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Independent Samples T-test (Cont.)

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 Saving output from SPSS into Word
Make sure you are in the SPSS Viewer window.
• From the File menu select Export.
• In the Objects to Export box, ensure that All Visible objects is selected
• Under Document Type select Word/RTF file (*.doc) from the drop down menu.
• In the File Name box type C:\Training\Stats\wordoutput.
• Click OK.

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 Paired Samples t-Test (Cont.)
The paired t-test is appropriate for data in which the two
samples are paired in some way. This type of analysis is
appropriate for three separate data collection scenarios:
• Pairs consist of before and after measurements on a single group
of subjects or patients.
• Two measurements on the same subject or entity (right and left
eye, for example) are paired.
• Subjects in one group (e.g., those receiving a treatment) are
paired or matched on a one-to-one basis with subjects in a second
group (e.g., control subjects).
In all cases, the data to be analyzed are the differences within
pairs (e.g., the right eye measurement minus the left eye
measurement). The difference scores are then analyzed as a
one-sample t-test Hazhar Blbas 75
 Paired Samples t-Test (Cont.)
Example 21: : Does the Diet Work? A developer of
a new diet is interested in showing that it is effective.
He randomly chooses 15 subjects to go on the diet
for 1 month. He weighs each patient before and after
the 1-month period to see whether there is evidence
of a weight loss at the end of the month.
Solution 21:
The basic assumption for the paired t-test to be valid
when you have small sample sizes is that the difference
scores (μd =before - after) are normally distributed

Ho: the data is distributed normally

Ha: the data is not distributed normally
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 Paired Samples t-Test (Cont.)
First Check Normality for the difference scores (μd )
• Analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore
• Put the (μd ) variable into the Dependent list and tick Both
• Click on Plots and then tick on Normality plots with test

• The p-values 0.544 from Shapiro-Wilk test of normality is

greater than 0.05 which imply that it is acceptable to assume
that the μd distribution is normal (or bell-shaped)
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 Paired Samples t-Test (Cont.)
• To perform the one sample t-test:
H0 : μd = 0 (the mean of the differences is zero;
i.e., the diet is ineffective).
Ha : μd > 0 (the mean of the differences is positive;
i.e., the diet is effective).
• Analyze Compare Means Paired Samples T-Test
• Put both variables Before and After into paired variables box
• Click on Ok

There is evidence that the mean weight loss is positive, that is, that
the diet is effective in producing weight loss, t(14) = 2.567, one-tailed
p = 0.01 (because μd > 0 whichHazhar
means
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• Useful Shortcut Keys
• Ctrl+Home will take you to the top of the file. In a Data file this will be
the first case
• and the first variable.
• Ctrl+End will take you to the end of the file. In a Data file this will be the
last case and
• the last variable.
• Page Up and Page Down will scroll up / down, one page (screen) at a
time.
• Ctrl+Page Up and Ctrl+Page Down will scroll right / left, one page
(screen) at a time.
In a Data file, Home will take you to the left-hand end of the current row,
i.e. to the first variable and the current case.
In a Data file, End will take you to the right-hand end of the current row, i.e.
to the last variable and the current case.
• In an Output file, Ctrl+A will select the entire output (tables and graphs).
• At many stages (in the Data Editor Hazhar or in the Output Viewer), clicking 79the
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