Stresses and Failure Criteria

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2. Stresses and Failure Criteria
2.1 Concept of Stress

The strength of a material, whatever its nature, is defined largely by the internal stresses, or intensities of
force, in the material. A knowledge of these stresses is essential to the safe design of any type of structure.
The internal force systems like axial force, bending moment, shear force and torsional moment are distributed
throughout the cross section of a structural member in the form of stresses. However, although there are four
basic types of internal force, there are only two types of stress: one which acts perpendicular to the cross
section of a member and one which acts tangentially. The former is known as a direct stress, the latter as a
shear stress.
Direct Stress in Tension & Compression

The simplest form of direct stress system is that produced by an axial load.
Stress (σ) = P/A
This direct stress acts in the direction shown in figure when P is tensile and in the reverse direction when P
compressive. The sign convention for direct stress is identical to that for normal force.
1 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
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It is the level of stress that governs the behavior of structural materials. For a given material, failure, or
breakdown of the crystalline structure of the material under load, occurs at a constant value of stress. This
failure stress is independent of size or shape and may therefore used as the basis for the design of structures.
Failure stress varies considerably from material to material and in some cases depends upon whether the
material is subjected to tension or compression.
Shear stress in shear and torsion
An externally applied shear load induces an internal shear force which is tangential to the faces of a cross
section. The internal shear force required to maintain the vertical equilibrium of the portions of the beam is
distributed over each face of the cross section. Thus at any point in the cross section there is a tangential
intensity of force which is termed shear stress. This shear stress is not distributed uniformly over the faces of
the cross section.
Average shear stress (τav) = W/A

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Complimentary shear stress
Considering rotational equilibrium of the element about point D,
Therefore, a shear stress acting on a given plane is always accompanied by an equal complementary shear
stress acting on planes perpendicular to the given plane and in the opposite sense.

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Direct strain
Shear strain
As we established earlier that shear loads applied to a structural member induce a system of shear and
complementary shear stresses on any small rectangular element, the distortion in such a n element due to
these shear stresses does not involve a change in length but a change in shape as shown in following figure.
shear strain

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Volumetric strain due to hydrostatic pressure
A rather special case of strain which we shall find useful later occurs when a cube of material is subjected to
equal compressive stresses, σ, on all six faces as shown in figure below.

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Stress-strain relationship
Young’s modulus or Elastic modulus (E) =σ/ε
Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity (G) = τ / γ = E/2(1+ν)
Volume or Bulk modulus (K) = σ / 3ε = E/3(1-2ν) = 2G(1+ν)/3(1-2 ν)
Poisson Effect

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2.2 Principal Stresses

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Example 01

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2.3 Stresses in Beams

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2.4 Plane Stress
In some situations the behavior of a structure, or part of it, can be regarded as two-dimensional. For example,
the stresses produced in a flat plate which is subjected to loads solely in its own plane would form a two-
dimensional stress system; in other words, a plane stress system. These stresses would however, produce
strains perpendicular to the surfaces of the plate due the Poisson effect.

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2.5 Plane Strain
The condition of plane strain occurs when all the strains in a structure, part of a structure, are confined to a
single plane. This not necessarily coincide with a plane stress. Conversely, it generally requires a three-
dimensional stress system to produce a condition of plane strain.
Practical examples of plane strain situations are retaining walls or dams where the ends of the wall or dam are
constrained against movement and the loading is constant along its length. All cross sections are then in thee
same condition so that any thin slice of the wall or dam taken perpendicularly to its length would only be
subjected to strains in its own plane.

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2.6 Plates & Shells

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3. Finite Element Modeling Fundamentals
3.1 Modeling Considerations

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3.2 Types of Finite Elements

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Plane Stress Element
A brief presentation of plane stress as treated by the theory of elasticity was given in section 2. When a
structural system is under conditions of plane stress all stress components normal to the YZ plane vanish:

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3.3 Modeling Guidelines

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3.4 Application of Boundary Condition

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3.5 Application of Loads

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3.6 Stiff and Rigid Structural Parts

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3.7 Recommendation for Evaluating Stress

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4. Analysis & Design using ‘Prokon’ Software
4.1 Introduction
PROKON Structural Analysis and Design is a suit of over forty structural analysis, design and detailing
programs. The first PROKON programs were developed in 1989. The suit is modular in nature, but its true
power lies in the tight integration between analysis, design and detailing programs. The software provides
quick and reliable answers to everyday structural engineering problems.
(www.prokon.com)

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4.2 Frame Analysis

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Classroom Exercise

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3/19/2019

2. Stresses and Failure Criteria

2.1 Concept of Stress

Direct Stress in Tension & Compression

Stress (σ) = P/A

1 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Shear stress in shear and torsion

Average shear stress (τav) = W/A

2 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Complimentary shear stress

Considering rotational equilibrium of the element about point D,

3 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

4 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Volumetric strain due to hydrostatic pressure

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Young’s modulus or Elastic modulus (E) =σ/ε

Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity (G) = τ / γ = E/2(1+ν)

Volume or Bulk modulus (K) = σ / 3ε = E/3(1-2ν) = 2G(1+ν)/3(1-2 ν)

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3.1 Modeling Considerations

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