Solar Energy

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics (IIEE)

Jl. Ciomas V No. 8,Jakarta 12180
Indonesia
Outline
• Solar Energy
– Solar photovoltaics
– Concentrating solar power
– Solar heating and cooling
• Potensi Energi Surya di Indonesia
• Solar Rooftop
• Large Scale Floating Solar PV

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Solar Energy
• Solar energy is the conversion of sunlight into
usable energy forms. Solar photovoltaics (PV),
solar thermal electricity and solar heating and
cooling are well established solar technologies.

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Solar Photovoltaic
• A photovoltaic (PV) cell converts sunlight directly into
electricity.
• A number of materials are photoelectric: Light is
absorbed, and an electron acquires kinetic energy to
move it to another energy level within the material

Source: Nelson, V., Introduction to Renewable Energy, CRC Press

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics
Solar Photovoltaic
• Advantages and Disadvantages

Source: Nelson, V., Introduction to Renewable Energy, CRC Press

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Solar Photovoltaic
• Worldwide growth of PV

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics
Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics
Solar Photovoltaic
• Solar PV Generation and Cummulative Capacity

Source: Renewables 2017, IEA

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Solar Photovoltaic
• Price and Technology

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Solar Photovoltaic
• Price and Technology

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Consentrating Solar Power (CSP)
• Concentrating solar power (CSP) devices concentrate
energy from the sun’s rays to heat a receiver to high
temperatures. This heat is then transformed into
electricity – solar thermal electricity (STE).
• From a system perspective, STE offers significant
advantages over PV, mostly because of its built-in
thermal storage capabilities.
• CSP plants can continue to produce electricity even
when clouds block the sun, or after sundown or in
early morning when power demand steps up. Both
technologies, while being competitors on some
projects, are ultimately complementary.

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Consentrating Solar Power (CSP)
• The deployment of CSP plants is at a stage of market
introduction and expansion.
• In 2016, the installed capacity of CSP worldwide was
4.8 GW, compared to 300 GW of solar PV capacity.
• CSP capacity is expected to double by 2022 and reach
10 GW with almost all new capacity incorporating
storage.
• CSP with storage can increase the flexibility of an
energy system, facilitating the integration of variable
renewable technologies such as solar PV and wind.

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Consentrating Solar Power (CSP)

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Solar heating and cooling
• Solar thermal technologies can produce heat for
hot water, space heating and industrial processes,
with systems ranging from small residential scale
to very large community and industrial scale.
• Cumulative installed capacity of solar thermal
installations reached an estimated 456 GWth by
the end of 2016. However, the market continued
to slow in 2016 for the third year in a row, as total
annual installations decreased by 9% owing mainly
to a continual slowdown in China.
Source: https://www.iea.org/topics/renewables/solar/
Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics
Solar heating and cooling
• Cummulative capacity

Source: https://www.iea.org/topics/renewables/solar/
Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics
Potensi Energi Surya di Indonesia

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Potensi Energi Surya di Indonesia

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Renewable Energy Target 2025

Source: ESDM Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Solar Rooftop

• Telah ditandatangani Kesepahaman Bersama antara Kementerian ESDM dan DPP REI
tentang Pemanfaatan Solar Fotovoltaik pada Atap Bangunan Baru Perumahan pada
tanggal 13 September 2017.
• Maksud Kesepahaman Bersama adalah mendorong pemanfaatan energi baru terbarukan
melalui pelaksanaan program pemanfaatan solar fotovoltaik pada atap bangunan baru
perumahan.
• Tujuan Kesepahaman Bersama adalah untuk implementasi solar fotovoltaik pada atap
bangunan baru perumahan dalam rangka mendukung pencapaian target energi
terbarukan 23% (dua puluh tiga persen) pada tahun 2025 sesuai dengan Kebijakan Energi
Nasional, yaitu untuk Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) sebesar 6.400 MW (enam
ribu empat ratus megawatt).

Source: ESDM
Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics
Solar Rooftop
• Perkembangan Harga Listrik PLTS di Berbagai Negara

Harga listrik tenaga

surya:
• 16 negara harga dibawah
10 cent/kWh
• 6 negara harga dibawah
5 cent/kWh (UAE, Chile,
Peru, Mexico, USA,
Saudi Arabia)

Sumber: IRENA, Rethinking Energy 2017, 2017

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics
Solar Rooftop
• Solar Rooftop Ongrid
– Peraturan Direksi PT PLN (Persero) 0733.K/DIR/2013 ,
19 November 2013
• Tentang Pemanfaatan Energi Listrik dari Fotovoltaik oleh
Pelanggan
– SPLN D5.005-1:2015 , 13 Mei 2016
• Persyaratan Teknis Interkoneksi Sistem Fotovoltaik (PV)
Distribusi Tegangan Rendah (JTR).
• Standar ini menetapkan persyaratan penyambungan pada
sistem fotovoltaik (PV) milik pelanggan ke kapasitas sampai
dengan 30 kWp.

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Solar Rooftop
• Solar Rooftop Interconnection

Source: ESDM
Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics
Solar Rooftop
• Posisi PLN terkait Solar Rooftop

Source: KESIAPAN PT PLN (PERSERO) UNTUK ABSORB PLTS ROOF TOP, 3 Nov 2017
Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics
Challenges for solar rooftop in Indonesia
• Over suppy capacity for JAMALI system
• RUEN is developed with the assumption of high
economic growth. Current actual demand of
electricity is lower than the planning
• Declining trend of electricity sales per PLN’s customer
• New ‘wilayah usaha’ potentially reduce PLN’s sales
• Low trust on solar technology
• Need the effort to ensure the allignment of the
programs in the RUEN and RUED
• Need ‘out of the box’ thingking to put solar rooftop in
the development of RUED matriks of program

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Opportunity for solar rooftop in Indonesia
• Low electricity consumption per capita
– 2016 : 956 kWh/capita
– Target 2025 : 2500 kWh/capita
• Electricity crisis in some part outside Jamali system
• Contribute to GHG emission reduction
• Sharp declining of investment cost
• Solar rooftop is considered as “disruptive” technology in
energy sector
• There is a need for a geo-referenced tool to showcase solar
power potential in a user-friendly format so that users can
investigate their locations of interest and perform pre-
processed analysis based upon electricity tariff, state-
specific policy & regulations, financial incentives etc.

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Large Scale Floating Solar PV
• Benefit
• Reduce land usage
• Simplification of land
acquisition
• Saving water in dry season
by reducing evaporation up
to 90%
• Algae control due to
reduction of sunlight
penetration

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics

Large Scale Floating Solar PV
PLN’s Cost Structure of BPP
Struktur Biaya BPP Sistem PLN
Struktur Biaya
Bahan Bakar Sistem PLN Energi Mix Sistem PLN

30% BBM

> 50% Biaya

Bahan Bakar

Key Insight:
• Komponen biaya terbesar dari BPP adalah bahan bakar ( > 50%) dimana komposisi BBM adalah sangat signifikan
(30%) terhadap biaya bahan bakar (Padahal energi yang dihasilkan hanya 11% dari total bauran energi)

Strategi:
• Dengan mengganti BBM menjadi pembangkit EBT, biaya bahan bakar akan turun secara signifikan sehingga
menurunkan BPP sistem secara keseluruhan

Source: Proposal Large Scale Floating Solar PV in CirataIndonesian

Reservoir, PJB 2017
Institute for Energy Economics
Large Scale Floating Solar PV
• Potential

Source: PJB, Overview of Floating Solar PV Potential in PT PLN Sumatera Region

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics
 Thank you

Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics (IIEE)

Jl. Ciomas V No. 8,Jakarta 12180
Indonesia