The general developmental

Anatomy of digestive
system

E. Suryadi
Faculty of Medicine GMU
 Behavioral objectives
 Students understand on the principles and
concepts developmental process of the
human digestive system organs

 Students understand of the developmental

anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract.
 Zygote

Embryoblast Trophoblast

Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm

M Axialis M Intermediate M Lateralis

Splanchnicus Somaticus

(Intraembryonic coelom)
Visceral organs Pleural & peritoneal
of digestive system Cavity
 THE DIGESTIVE TRACT FORMATION

Origin from endoderm & splanchnic mesoderm

Fore gut
c
Cephalocaudal Mid Gut
becaused by development of
central nervous system Hind Gut

Folding
Laterally ductus vitelinus
becaused by somits
formation 0BLITERATION
The gut are occurred passively as a fixation mid gut
5
 THE LATERALLY FOLDING

1. Gut endoderm
1. Yolk sac 2. Intraembryonic coelomic
2. Surface ectoderm cavity
3. Amniotic cavity 3. Amniotic cavity
4. Neural tube 4. Dorsal mesentery
5. Splanchnic mesoderm 5. Splanchnic mesoderm
6. Somatic mesoderm 6. Somatic mesoderm
7. Neural tube
 RELATIONSHIP OF
PRIMORDIAL GUT – YOLK SACK
 Stomodaeum Epithelium
Cranial(oral)
Ectoderm Epithelium
proctodaeum Caudal(anal)

Muscular tissues
splanchnic
mesoderm
Fibrous tissues
Primitive Gut

Epithelium
endoderm
Glands
FORMATION OF THE GUT

1. Foregut
2. Hindgut
3. Midgut
4. Central nervous system
5. Tracheobronchial diverticulum
6. Heart
7. Liver bud
8. Buccopharyngeal membrane
9. Vitelline duct
10. Allantois
11. Cloacal membrane
PRIMITIVE GUT
The primitive gut is divided into four parts:
 a) the pharyngeal gut which extends
from the buccopharyngeal (oro-
pharyngeal) membrane to the
respiratory (tracheobronchial)
diverticulum;

 b) the foregut,  liver ; billiary

apparatus; part of duodenum
gaster, esophagus
 c) the midgut, 2/3 the transverse
colon in the adult ; duodenum;
small intestinum; cecum;appendix 1. Foregut 9. Cloacal membrane
2. Stomach 10. Stomodeum
3. Hindgut 11. Cloaca
 d) the hindgut, 1/3 transverse 4. Midgut 12. Gallbladder
colon; descending colon; sigmoid; 5. Pharyngeal gut 13. Liver
rectum; upper part of the anal 6. Esophagus 14. Pancreas
7. Tracheobronchial diverticulum 15. Vitelline duct
canal; cloacal 8. Buccopharyngeal membrane 16. Allantois
Specific Process of the GI
development

 Rotation
 Fusion
 Obliteration
 Recanalitation
 Some process organogenesis
The first of gut is the tube form from oral to
anal
Some places of the gut arise buds:
 Laringotracheal diverticulum lung bud
bronchopulmonary bud
 Hepatic diverticulum hepatic cord and
gall bladder
 Pancreatic bud dorsal and ventral become
pancreas
 The primitive gut forms during the 4th week of the
development as a result of cephalocaudal and lateral
folding of the embryo.

 This endoderm lined cavity is incorporated into the

embryo, while the yolk sac and the allantois remain
temporarily by outside the embryo.

 The endoderm of the primitive gut gives rise to the

epithelium and glands of the digestive organ.

 The muscular and fibrous elements of the digestive tract

are derived from the splanchnic mesoderm.

 The epithelium at the cranial and caudal extremities of the

digestive tract is derived from the ectoderm of the
stomodeum (oral cavity epithelium and enamelum) and the
proctodeum (anal pit)
 Fixative of Gut
 Gut is surrounded by an intra embryonic
cavity (coelom)
 Ventral mesentery: connecting between
gut with ventral body wall.
 Dorsal mesentery: connecting between gut
with dorsal body wall
 Vitelline duct and artery
 FORE GUT

• ESOPHAGUS, GASTER,
• DUODENUM, LIVER
• BILLIARY APPARATUS
• PANCREAS
The liver, billiary apparatus, pancreas and
the respiratory system arise as diverticula
from the foregut.

Along the entire length, the intestinal tube

is suspended from the dorsal body wall by
a dorsal mesentery.

Along the segment of its length, it is

attached to the ventral body wall by a
ventral mesentery.
 The esophagus
 Initially the esophagus is very short, but it
elongates rapidly, reaching its final relative
length by about seven weeks..
 The endoderm of the esophagus proliferate and
almost obliterates the lumen; recanalization
occurs by the end of the embryonic period (the
8th week)
 The striated muscle in the upper esophagus is
derived from the caudal branchial arches.
 The smooth muscle of the esophagus develops
from the surrounding splanchnic mesoderm
 In the 4th developmental week, a small
diverticulum appears at the ventral wall of the
foregut - the respiratory (tracheobronchial)
diverticulum.

 It becomes gradually separated from the foregut

by the esophagotracheal septum.

 Initially very short esophagus lengthens rapidly.

DEVELOPMENT OF ESOPHAGUS
FORMATION OF EOSOPHAGUS

1. Pharynx
1. Respiratory diverticulum 2. Trachea
2. Foregut 3. Esophagus
3. Esophagotracheal septum 4. Lung buds
DEVELOPMENT OF STOMACH
1. Foregut
2. Stomach
3. Hindgut
4. Midgut
5. Pharyngeal gut
6. Esophagus
7. Tracheobronchial diverticulum
8. Buccopharyngeal membrane
9. Cloacal membrane
10. Stomodeum
11. Cloaca
12. Gallbladder
13. Liver
14. Pancreas
15. Vitelline duct
16. Allantois
 The stomach appears as a fusiform dilatation of the
foregut in the 4th week of development. The dorsal
border grows faster than the ventral border, thus
producing the greater curvature.

 The stomach rotates along the longitudinal and antero-

posterior axis.

 The rotation of the stomach along the longitudinal axis

causes its left side to face anteriorly, and its right side to
face posteriorly.

 The stomach is attached to the dorsal and ventral body

wall by the dorsal and ventral mesogatrium. During
rotation, the dorsal mesogastrium is pulled to the left,
forming the omental bursa.
 The dorsal mesogastrium extends tremendously
as a double-layered flap of the mesentery, the
greater omentum, which lies over the intestine.

 As the spleen forms in the dorsal mesogastrium,

the lienorenal and gastrolienal ligaments
develop as remnants or dorsal mesogastrium.

 The ventral mesogastrium attaches the lower

esophagus, stomach and proximal duodenum to
the ventral body wall.

 Growth of the liver causes the formation of the

lesser omentum and falciform ligament in the
ventral mesogastrium.
 The stomach enlarge and acquires its adult shape, it slowly rotates 90
degree in aclockwise direction around its longitudinal axis.
 The ventral border (lesser curvatura) moves to the right and the dorsal
border (great curvature) move to the left
 Cleft in dorsal mesogastrium  omental bursa (lesser peritoneal saccus)
 Dorsal region  inferior stomach
 ventral region  superior stomach
Stomach and dorsal mesentery

1. Liver
2. Stomach
3. Spleen
4. Pancreas
5. Adrenal gland
6. Aorta
7. Dorsal mesogastrium
8. Omental bursa
9. Falciform ligament
10. Lesser omentum
 ROTATION OF THE STOMACH
STOMACH MESENTERIES OF OMENTAL BURSA
STOMACH

•Before rotation, the •The mesentery is •Isolatedclefts develop in the

cranial and caudal of originally in the median mesencyhme forming the thick
the stomach are in the plane dorsal mesogastrium. The clefts 
median plane single cavity  Omental Bursa 
•During rotation and •During rotation its greater omentum
growth of the stomach carried to the left and
sinistral region  formation of the omental •Rotation of the stomach, pulls the
anterior bursa or lesser sac of dorsal mesogastrium to the left,
dextral region  peritoneum enlarging the bursa, a large recess
posterior of the peritoneal cavity
•After rotation, the •After rotation, a ventral
stomach assumes its mesentery attaches the
final position with its stomach and duodenum
long axis almost to the liver and the
transverse to the long abdominal wall
axis of the body
•Curvatura mayor
•Curvatura minor
SPLEEN
 SPLEEN
 The spleen is a lymphatic organ which appears
during the 5th developmental week as a focus of
mesenchymal proliferation between the layers of
the dorsal mesogastrium.
 As the stomach rotates, the left part of the dorsal
mesogastrium comprises the gastrolineal and
lienorenal ligaments.
 The mesenchymal cells differentiate into the
parenchymal cells, connective tissue and the
surface capsule.
 The spleen functions as a hematopoietic center
until late fetal life.
 DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER,
GALLBLADDER DAN BILLIARY
APPARATUS
 Liver, Gallbladder and billiary
apparatus
 The liver, gallbladder and the billiary duct system arise
as a bud of the endodermal epithelium at the distal end
of the foregut.
 The hepatic diverticulum (liver bud) grows into the
septum transversum. Septum transversum is the
mesodermal plate between the pericardial cavity and the
stalk of the yolk sac.
 Cranial part of the septum transversum forms the
tendinous portion of diaphragm, while its caudal part
contributes to the ventral mesogastrium.
 The large part of the liver bud forms the parenchyme of
the liver and billiary apparatus.
 The fibrous, hemopoietic tissue and Kupffer cells derive
from the mesenchyme of the septum transversum.
 A small caudal portion of the liver bud expands to form
gallbladder and bile duct.
Mesodermal plate Cranial tendinous portion of diaphragm
Between pericardial cavity & Stalk VS Hematopoeitic tissue
Septum transversum mesenchym Kuffer cell
Fibrous
Caudal contributes to the ventral
mesogastrium

Epithel Endoderm Cranial Primordium of the liver

foregut Hepatic cord hep.sinusoid

Hepatic Caudal Gall bladder & bile duct

Diverticulum (small)

Stalk Cystic duct

Development of the liver and
Billiary Apparatus
1. Esophagus
2. Hindgut
3. Stomach
4. Tracheobronchial diverticulum
5. Duodenum
6. Midgut loop
7. Septum transversum
8. Cloaca
9. Gallbladder
10. Liver
11. Cloacal membrane
12. Pancreas
13. Heart
14. Ventral mesogastrium
15. Dorsal mesogastrium
Liver
DEVELOPMENT OF PANCREAS
Endoderm of duodenum

Dorsal pancreatic bud Body of pancreas

Tail of pancreas
Duct pancreaticus
Pancreatic bud

Ventral pancreatic bud Head of pancreas

Uncinate process

PANCREAS gland
 DEVELOPMENT DUCT OF THE
PANCREAS
Proximal Accesory pancreatic duct

Duct of the
dorsal bud

Distal

Main pancreatic duct

Duct of the
ventral bud
 DEVELOPMENT OF PANCREAS

1. Stomach
2. Gallbladder
1. Liver bud 3. Cystic duct
2. Dorsal pancreas 4. Hepatic duct
1. Liver bud 3. Gallbladder 5. Bile duct
2. Stomach 4. Ventral pancreas 6. Pancreas
3. Gallbladder 5. Cystic duct 7. Accessory pancreatic duct
4. Ventral pancreatic bud 6. Hepatic duct 8. Main pancreatic duct
5. Dorsal pancreatic bud 7. Bile duct 9. Ventral pancreatic duct
Ventral pancreatic bud
Ventral pancreatic bud
 MID GUT

DUODENUM
SMALL INTESTINE
CAECUM
APPENDIX
COLON ASCENDEN
2/3 COLON TRANSVERSUM
 MIDGUT
 The derivatives of the midgut are: most of the
duodenum, small intestine, cecum, vermiform appendix,
ascending colon and right 2/3 of the transverse colon.
 The wide communication of the midgut and the yolk sac
is gradually reduced to the narrow yolk stalk (vitelline
duct).
 Rapid elongation of the midgut and its mesentery results
in the formation of the midgut loop which projects into
the umbilical cord (physiological umbilical herniation).
 The cephalic limb of the loop develops into the
duodenum, jejunum and part of the ileum, while the
caudal limb gives rise to the rest of the midgut
derivatives.
 The midgut loop rotates 270º counterclockwise around
the axis formed by the superior mesenteric artery.
 The duodenum develops from the caudal portion
of the foregut and cranial portion of the midgut.
 The entrance of the bile duct into the duodenum
lies just proximal to their junction.
 The loop of the duodenum rotates to the right
and comes to lie retroperitoneally.
 The duodenal epithelium grows rapidly and
temporarily obliterates the lumen of the gut tube.
DEVELOPMENT OF DUODENUM
Fixation of the duodenum

1. Dorsal mesoduodenum
2. Pancreas
3. Duodenum
4. Parietal peritoneum
5. Aorta
6. Adrenal gland

INTRAPERITONEAL  RETROPERITONEAL
 MIDGUT LOOP
The midgut loop rotates 270º counterclockwise around the axis formed
by the superior mesenteric artery.
Cranial  distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Caudal  ileum, cecum, colon ascenden, 2/3 colon transversum

1. Vitelline duct
2. Superior mesenteric artery
3. Stomach
4. Duodenum
5. Cephalic limb of the loop
6. Caudal limb of the loop
1. Hepatic flexture
2. Stomach
1. Vitelline duct 3. Duodenum
2. Superior mesenteric artery 1. Vitelline duct 4. Transverse colon
3. Stomach 2. Small intestine 5. Ascending colon
4. Duodenum 3. Stomach 6. Descending colon
5. Transverse colon 4. Duodenum 7. Sigmoid
6. Small intestine 5. Transverse colon 8. Cecum
7. Cecal bud 6. Cecal bud 9. Appendix
10. Small Intestine
CECUM AND APPENDIX
 The primordium of cecum and appendix is
the cecal diverticulum
 The appendix increase rapidly in length so
that at birth it relatively long.
 After birth the wall of the cecum grows
uniqueally, with the result that the
appendix comes to enter its medial side.
HERNIASI
 Perkembangan mid gut ditandai dengan
pertambahan panjang yang cepat di terutama di
bagian cranial  rongga perut tidak muat 
gelung usus masuk ke coelom ekstraembrional
dalam tali pusat selama perkembangan minggu
ke 6

RETRAKSI GELUNG USUS YG MENGALAMI

HERNIASI
 Gelung usus masuk kembali ke rongga perut
(mgg ke 10)  karena menghilangnya
mesonephros, mengecilnya hati, bertambah
luasnya rongga perut
 HIND GUT

1/3 transverse colon,

descending colon,
sigmoid,
rectum
upper part of the anal canal
cloaca
 The teminal portion of the hindgut enters into the cloaca
covered by the cloacal membrane.

 The growth of the urorectal septum divides the cloaca

into the primitive urogenital sinus anteriorly and the
anorectal canal posteriorly.

 By the end of the 6th week, the urorectal septum

reaches the cloacal membrane, dividing it into the
urogenital and anal membranes.

 The mesenchymal swelling around the anal membrane

forms the proctodeum (anal pit). In the 9th week, the
anal membrane ruptures. The upper part of the anal
canal is endodermal in origin, while the lower third is of
the ectodermal origin.
DEVELOPMENT OF CLOACA
The anus and rectum formation
NO organ Congenital anomali

1 Esophagus Atresia esophagus and Fistula esofagotracheal : a

esophagus canal is clogged (atresia oesophagi) 
Polyhidramnion : excessive of amnion in amniotic sac
Stenosis esophagus : narrowing of an esophagus lumen
Hiatus congenital hernia : abnormality of esophagus to
develops and then a gaster is pulled up.

2 Stomach Stenosis pilorus : muscular layer of pylorus hypertrophy

3 Liver and Atresia extrahepatic gall bladder : recanalitation failure

Apparatus Atresia and hipoplasia biliverus duct (intrahepatik) .
billiaris Ductus biliverus abnormality
 NO LOKASI
4 Pankreas Pancreas anularis  Duodenum is surrounded by
pancreas  obstruction

5 Colon cecum mobile : results from incomplete fixation of the

ascending colon
Hernia Retrocolika : terperangkapnya bagian usus kecil
di belakang mesokolon
Omphalocele :result from impaired growth of the
abdominal walls
Gastroschisis : result from a defect lateral to the median
plane of the anterior abdominal walls.
Omphaloenteric Fistula : ductus vitelinus persistent so
still canal be connected between intestinal tract with
umbilicus.
Volvulus : abnormality of intestinal cord so a part of
intestine is snared by other part of intestine
Megacolon : The enlarged colon, results from an
absence of ganglionic cells
6 Anus Anus imperforata
SUMMARY
The primordial gut forms during the fourth week from the
part of yolk sac that is incorporated into the embryo
Endoderm become epithelium, parenchyme and gland cells
of the gastrointestinal organs
Splanchnic mesoderm become muscular and fibrous
tissues of the gastrointestinal organs
Ventral mesentery become hepatogastric ligament,
hepatoduodenale ligament, omentum minus, falciform
ligament
Dorsal mesentery become: gastrolienale ligament,
splenirenale ligament, omentum majus, spleen,
mesenterium, mesocolon
 Endoderm cells differentiation
Endoderm is differentiated become:
 Epithelium of gastrointestinal tract
 Epithelium of respiratory tract
 Epithelium of the part of urinary tract
 Parenchyme cells of pancreas, liver and
some salivary glands
 Gland cells of thyroid, parathyroid and
thymus
 foregut Midgut hindgut

organ Gaster, hepar, vesica 2nd half of dudenum, Left 1/3 colon
fellea, pancreas, lien, jejunum, ileum, transersum, colon
1st half of duodenum coecum, colon descenden, colon
ascenden, 2/3 colon sigmoid, rectum
transversum
arteries Truncus celiacus: a. A. Mesenterica A . Mesenterica
lienalis, a. gastrica superior: a iliocolica, a inferior: a. colica
sinistra, a. hepatica colica dextra, a. colica sinistra, a rectalis
communis media superior, a.
sigmoidea
Ventral Omentum minus, Tidak ada Tidak ada
mesentery Falciformis,
Coronarium,
Triangularis ligament.
Dorsal Gastrolienalis, & Mesenterium, Mesocolon
mesentery Lienorenalis, mesoapendix, sigmoideum
Gastrocolica ligament, mesocolon
omentum majus transversum
Motor nerve Vagus Vagus Nervus
supply spanchnicus
pelvini