Development

Development is a multi-dimensional concept and its main objective is to uplift the living
standard of people. The primary aim of development is the removal of poverty and all other
socio economic evils which are interlinked with it. Development is a type of social change in
which new ideas are introduced into a social system in order to produce higher per capita
income (Dongol 2004).
Development is relative term so there are no perfect and absolute characteristics of it.
Similarly development is dynamic not static, change over time and context. Development is
not an event but it is a process indicating positive changes. Development is the continuous
process of reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a
growing economy.

The core values of development are:

Life sustenance: It is the basic ability to provide basic human needs- raising people's living
levels i.e. their incomes and consumptions levels of food, medical services, education etc
through relevant economic growth process,

Self-esteem: to be a person-creating the condition conducive to the growth of people's

self-esteem through the establishment of social, political and economic systems and
institutions which promote human dignity and respect,

Freedom from servitude: increasing people's freedom to choose by enlarging the range of
their choice variables.
Characteristics of development as a process

1. It is natural but lengthy and slow.

2. It is too complex that it cannot be treated systematically

3. It includes all segment of society in order to be real and permanent

4. Its influences affect all means of human life

5. It is differentially occurring
There are two categories of factors of development:
1. Economic
a. Capital formation
b. Natural resources
c. Marketable surplus of agriculture
d. Condition of foreign trade
e. Economic system
2. Non Economic
a. Human resources
b. Technical knowhow and general education
c. Political freedom
d. Social organization
e. Corruption
f. Desire to develop
 Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is a process of economic growth which

maintain our natural resources and environment intact and use which is
regenerated i.e. flow (where to live) and stock (keeping for future).
Important questions for sustainability
 How long will our natural resources last, given current consumption
patterns?
 How should we manage our natural resources and environment so
that future generations have access to the same quality of life as the
present generation?
According to WCED (1987), sustainable development is ' development that meets
the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.'

Niemenmea (1999) define SD 'as to satisfy the needs of mankind without

taking away the possibilities of the next generation.'
Objectives
1. Economic objectives
Growth
Efficiency
stability
2. Social objectives
Equity
Social cohesion
Social mobility
Participation
Cultural identity
3. Environmental objectives
Healthy environment for human
Rational use of renewable resources
Conservation of non renewable resources
Principle of SD
 Holistic Development
 Development within the boundary of environment
 Development within sociocultural and traditional knowledge base
 Enhance quality of life
 Promote collectiveness
 Need of the future generation
 Global diversity
 Peoples' participation and empowering to manage their surrounding and natural
resources
 Based on national policy and needs
 Least energy and judicious use of resources

Indicators of Non Sustainable Development

1. Land Degradation
2. Degradation and depletion of water resources
3. Degradation and depletion of forest resources
4. Depletion of conventional sources of energy
5. Loss of biodiversity
6. Climate change
7. Ozone layer depletion
Some elements of a new strategy for SD

1. Sustainable agriculture, food security and ecological security

2. Judicious management of Natural resources and natural disasters

3. Optimal development and utilization of human resources

4. Alleviation of poverty and inequality through higher economic growth

5. Optimal use and management of energy resources

6. Removing market imperfection and getting the process right

7. Mainstreaming gender in development strategy

8. Creating a congenial international economic and political environment

 Rural development

Rural development is a process which aims at improving the well being and self
realization of people outside the urbanized area through collective process.

Ensminger (1974) define rural development as a process of transformation from

traditionally oriented rural culture towards an acceptance and reliance on science and
technology.

Rural development is an improvement in the living standard of the masses of low

income population residing in rural areas and making process of self sustaining (Lele,
1975).

Major objectives of rural development

 to achieve enhanced production and productivity in rural areas
 to bring about a greater socio economic equity
 to bring about spatial balance in social and economic development
 to bring about improvement in the ecological environment so that it may be
conducive to growth and happiness
 to develop broad based community participation in the process of development
Community Development
 Community Development

According to WHO (1998) community is defined as ' A specific group of people,

often living in a defined geographical area who share common culture, values
and norms, are arranged in a social structure according to relationships which
community has developed over a period of time.

Communities itself consist of several parts of larger social system. It is a dynamic

social unit which is subject to change of internal or external origin.

Community is a group of people living in a geographical areas and have common

interest each other for the purpose of making a living

Development

• Socio-economic transformation
• Any improvement in quality of life
• State better than preceding state in different sector
Dimension of development

• Income
• Infant mortality
• Life span
• Literacy rate
• Living condition
• Political freedom
• Security of life
• Development of human resource

Important characteristics of community

1. Communities are close-knit entities

2. Their civilizations are interrelated

3. These communities are complex of sub-group level relationship

4. There is a visible leadership within community

Community development: is the act of formulating and implementing
developmental programs collectively by the community members for the
common benefit of all the members.

It focuses on developing the capacities of local people in the community to

solve their own problems.

Community Development is about developing the power, skills, knowledge and

experience of people as individuals and in groups, thus enabling them to
undertake initiatives of their own to combat social, economic, political and
environmental problems, and enabling them to fully participate in a truly
democratic process.
Community development is a continuous process of social action by
which people of community:

• Define their common and group needs

• Organize themselves formally and informally for democratic planning and

action

• Make group and individual plans to meet their needs and solve their
problems

• Execute their plans with maximum reliance upon their own resources and

• Supplement their resources from outside the community, when necessary

with services and materials
 Bunch (1995) and chambers (1983) offers practical tips to effective work in the
community.

• Know a community is not homogenous: extension worker have to be

cognizant of the characteristics of the community and adopt appropriate
strategies or approach as they work in the communities .

• Observe to adapt: if the community sees you as an outsider, with outside

interest, its members may not believe the message you give them. so you must
constantly observe and reflect upon the practice and behaviors of communities
and their members.

• Appreciate the cultural specialties within communities

• Win the people's trust by spending time with them

• Clear doubts about your roles

• Community: Consist of persons in a social interaction within a geographical area

Philosophy of CD

• Work based on felt needs

• Work based on assumption that people want to be free from poverty and
pain.

• People want freedom to control their own lives

• Peoples' values given due consideration

• Self help

• People are the greatest resources

• CDP involves a change in attitudes, habits, ways of thinking, relationships

among people in the level of knowledge and intellectual advancement of
people, change in their skills.
 Aims/Objectives

• To persuade people to improve their living condition by their own efforts

by wise and effective use of community resources.

• To encourage every individual to participate in community affairs, specially

in those matters relating to his /her livelihood.

• To develop the whole community (men and women)

• To develop cultural needs (Adult literacy), Social Welfare (improve

PH,Nutrition) and productive services (Input supply, extension ,Marketing)
 Principle of community development

• Go to the people
• Live with the people
• Work with the people
• Start the program from what they have
• Plan with the people

Table 1: Difference between Community development and extension education

Extension education Community development

Extension education is a means. it is Community development is ends. it is an any
basically a capacity building process for kind if activities that is intended for the welfare
community and rural development of community

It is an activating force It is an objective

Emphasis is the individual emphasis in the group and cooperatives
Emphasis on decision making for change Emphasis on decision making for change in
by individual and families community by groups and representative of
groups
 Assumption of community development

1. People want change and they can change themselves

2. Community people can develop their capacity to deal with their own problems

3. people should participate in making, adjusting, controlling the major changes

taking place in their communities

4. Changes in communities that are self-imposed have a meaning and permanence

5. A holistic approach can deal successfully with problems than fragmented approach

6. Democracy requires the people's cooperative participation and action in the affairs
of the community and they must learn the skills which makes this possible

7. People need help in organizing to deal with their needs, just as many individuals
require help in coping with their individual problems
Some community development programs

• Community Managed irrigated agricultural sector projects (CMIASP)

• National IPM pogram
• One village one product program (OVOP)
• The community livestock development project (CLDP)
• Sustainable soil management program (SSMP)

• Community forestry program

• Leasehold forestry and livestock program
• Terai arc landscape project
• Livelihood and forestry program
• Nepal Australian Community Resource Management & Livelihood
Project (NACRMLP)
There are currently 3,157 village development committees in Nepal. Each
VDC was further divided into several wards (Nepali: वडा) depending on the
population of the district; the average being nine wards

Henceforth, state is divided into seven provinces and local is divided

into 77 districts & 753 local levels (including six metropolises, 11 sub-
metropolises, 276 municipalities and 460 gaunpalikas)