IRON ORE

Furnace
Blast
PIG IRON – High Carbon, Low Ductile, Low Cost

Solidify and Remelt Reduce Carbon, Refining, Control and

Fe
Adjust Composition in Adjust Composition. Bessemer Open

Mechanical
Treatment
Cupola or Ladle Hearth, Electric, and Oxygen Process
Improved properties

Product Cast Majority of Product - Wrought

α- Fe γ- Fe δ- Fe
Increased Cost

Treatment

Add Si

>912˚C >1394˚C >1538˚C

Heat

BCC to FCC FCC BCC

WHITE Allotropic to BCC Less WROUGHT
IRON GRAY commercial
use
IRON
IRON INGOT
MALLEABLE DUCTILE
IRON IRON
IRON LOW C
High Alloy Steel
Stainless Steel (SS) STEEL LOW
0.06- HIGH C ALLOY
0.25% STEEL STEEL
0.5- MEDIUM
Martensitic SS Ferritic SS Austenitic SS HIGH
1.6% C STEEL ALLOY
4-6% Cr 30% more Cr 18% Cr 8% Ni 0.25-0.5 %
STEEL