JEFFERSON F.

ELEGIO
BASICS OF REFRIGERATION
REFRIGERATION

• Refrigeration is the process of transferring heat

from one area to another. If we remove heat from
one substance, it becomes cold, and cold is
merely the absence of heat.
• The removal of heat can be accomplished by
using ice or any mechanical and non-mechanical
means.
TYPES OF REFRIGERATION

• Natural method by using ice

• Vapor compression system
• Absorption system
• Steam-Jet system
• Thermoelectric system
NATURAL METHOD OF REFRIGERATION

Ice refrigeration-To use the

ice for refrigerating effect a
closed and insulated
chamber is required. On one
side of the chamber ice is
kept while on the other side
there is a space which is to
be cooled where some
material to be cooled can be
placed.
 VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEM

Vapor compression system- in which

the refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is
one of the many refrigeration cycles and is
the most widely used method for air-
conditioning of buildings and automobiles. It
is also used in domestic and commercial
refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for
chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats,
refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a
host of other commercial and industrial
services.
 ABSORPTION SYSTEM

An absorption refrigeration system is

a system that uses a heat source (e.g.,
solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame,
waste heat from factories, or district
heating systems) to provide the energy
needed to drive the cooling
process. Absorption refrigerators are
often used for food storage in
recreational vehicles.
 STEAM-JET SYSTEM

• The steam jet refrigeration

system (also known as ejector
system refrigeration system) is
one of the oldest methods of
producing refrigeration effect.
The basic components of
this system are an evaporator, a
compressor device, a condenser
and a refrigerant control device.
 THERMOELECTRIC SYSTEM

• Thermoelectric cooling uses

the Peltier effect to create a heat flux
between the junction of two different
types of materials. A Peltier cooler,
heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is
a solid-state active heat pump which
transfers heat from one side of the
device to the other, with consumption
of electrical energy, depending on the
direction of the current.
DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGEARTION

Preservation of food is one of the most important

uses of refrigeration. Food lasts longer when kept
in cool areas. Studied show that food have
microbes that multiply faster in warm places. This
multiplication of microbes had been recognized as
the major cause of food spoilage. At the
temperature of 10 degrees Celsius or less,
microbes could not multiply at all.
HISTORY OF REFRIGERATION

• Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s, and developed in

the early 1800s.
• Refrigeration was first used by Chinese when they discovered that
ice improves the taste of drinks.
• The early Egyptians found out that water could be cooled by
placing it in jars on roof top at sundown.
• The Greeks and the Romans place their foods in snow for
preservation purposes.
• In warm places, people place their foods in vessels immersed in
streams of water or by storing them in holes dug at the ground for
preservation.
 THE FIRST REFRIGERATOR

• Since little was known about the

procedures on how to lower the
temperature enough to freeze water
into ice , ice was then transported.
The value of ice for preservation of
foods had been recognized for
hundreds of years. An ice box was
used as the refrigerator during that
time. It was the first refrigerator
introduced to the society.
 THE FIRST PATENT FOR PRACTICAL ICE-
MAKING MACHINE

• It was in 1834 when an American Engineer,

Jacob Perkins introduced the first patent for
a practical ice-making machine in London.
These machines were used successfully in
meat-packing plants. Within the next fifty
years, ice-makers were manufactured in the
United States, France, Germany, and in
other countries.
• Refrigeration is likewise used in chemicals,
metals, medicines, gases, machines, tools
and electronic devices.
PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION

• The mechanical refrigeration

system or the vapor-compression
system has four stages taking in
place in the compressor, the
condenser, the expansion valve,
and the evaporator.
• It is divided into two pressure
sides: the low-pressure side and
the high-pressure side.
 COMPRESSOR

• It is referred to as the heart of the

system. The compressor
compresses the low-pressure gas
refrigerant into high-pressure gas
refrigerant, thus increasing the
temperature, it also lowers the
pressure in the evaporator, and
keeps the refrigerant moving In the
system.
 EVAPORATOR

Plate type
• It is a coil of tubes where heat
is being absorbed in order that
it may be moved and
transferred to the condenser. It
is known as freezer, cooling
coil, or chilling unit. It can be Finned type

found on the low-pressure side

of the system.
 CONDENSER

• It also a coil of tubes where

heat being absorbed in the
evaporator discharges into
the atmosphere. It can be
found in the high-pressure
side of the system.

Wire static
 EXPANSION VALVE

• It is the metering device that Capillary tube

controls the flow of refrigerant
to the evaporator. It reduces
the high-pressure and liquid
refrigerant to a low-pressure
liquid in the correct quantities
to operate the system at
maximum efficiency without
overloading the compressor
Thermostatic
expansion valve
 REFRIGERANT

• If the compressor is the heart TETRAFLUOROETHANE

of the system, the refrigerant Boiling Point -14.9°F or -26.1°C

is the blood of the system. A

refrigerant is a fluid that
easily boils at a lower
temperature. It absorbs heat
in the evaporator and
discharges it into the
condenser
 STATES OF MATTER

• Matter is anything that has weight and

occupies space. It cannot be created nor
destroyed, it only transforms from one
form to another. The three states of
matter are solid, liquid, gas or vapor. The
best example of matter is water. When
water is heated, it changes to a gas or
vapor, but if heat is removed from water,
it will become ice.
• In extreme environments, other states
may be present, such as plasma, Bose-
Einstein condensates, and neutron stars.
COMPOSITION OF MATTER

• Matter is composed of molecules which are moving. It is

the smallest particle of a substance which retains all the
properties of the original substances.
• The intensity movement of the molecules is called heat.
The word cold is a relative term which refers only to the
absence of heat, in which all molecular action stops. This
has never been attained by man which believed to be -
237 degrees Celsius.
 TEMPERATURE

• Temperature is the measurement of heat level in

the substance. It is the hotness or coldness of the
body. The movement of molecules is the starting
point of temperature.
• The instrument used to measure the temperature
of a substance is called the thermometer.
Thermometer readings can be expressed in
Fahrenheit(°F) or Centigrade or Celsius (°C)
• The three points on the temperature scale are the
freezing point of water, the boiling point, and the
absolute zero
 UNIT OF HEAT

• Heat is a form of energy (thermal)

made by the motion of molecules.
• Heat is the intensity movement of
the molecules.
• Heat is the degree of hotness or
coldness of a body or environment.
• Heat always moves from a warm
substance to a cooler substance.
• Heat is quantified in British Thermal
Unit or BTU
 UNIT OF HEAT
• As a form of energy, heat has the unit joule (J)
in the International System of Units (SI).
However, in many applied fields in engineering
the British thermal unit (BTU) and the calorie
are often used. The standard unit for the rate
of heat transferred is the watt (W), defined as
one joule per second.
• The Btu is the amount of heat energy required
to increase the temperature of one pound of
water to one degree Celsius. Conversely, if the
temperature of one pound of water is reduced
to one degree Celsius, one Btu of heat energy
is removed
 METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
• CONDUCTION- Is a method of heat transfer in
which heat moves by passing from one
molecule of a substance to another molecule
of the same different substance. Heat flows
by means of direct contact.
• CONVECTION- Is a method of heat transfer
that occurs in fluids, where the molecules are
free to move around.
• RADIATION- Is a method of heat transfer which
flows through wave motion similar to light
waves wherein the energy is transmitted from
one body to another.
 HEAT FLOW

• Heat is like water in the aspect that it will

always seek its own level. Heat always moves
from the hotter substance to the colder one.
If the temperature difference between a hot
and cold substance is great, the heat will
move from the hot substance to the cold
substance quickly, but if the difference is
small, heat will move slowly. No transfer of
heat will take place if both substance have
the same temperature
 SPECIFIC HEAT

• The specific heat of a substance is the

amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one pound of the substance
to one degree Celsius. Not all substances
have the same specific heat
Items Specific Heat, Btu per lb.
Most fruits and vegetables .92
Copper .09
Fish, poultry .82
Lamb, pork .66
milk .92
water 1
 SENSIBLE HEAT AND LATENT HEAT

SENSIBLE HEAT
• It is the heat added or removed from a
substance that can be measured by a
change in the temperature of the
substance, without changing its state
LATENT HEAT
• It is the head added or removed from a
substance to cause a change of state
without a changed of temperature.
 PRESSURE

• Pressure is defined as the force

per unit area(P=F/A). It is
expressed in pound per square
inch(psi). When 5 lbs. rest on an
area of 1 square inch, the
pressure exerted downward is 5
lbs. per square inch(5 psi).
 PRESSURE AND HEAT

• Pressure is directly proportional to

the temperature. Once you
increase the pressure, temperature
increase also. Decreasing the
pressure also decreases the
temperature. In a liquid, when you
increase the pressure, its boiling
point will increase also, and as you
decrease the pressure, you likewise
decrease the boiling point of the
liquid.
Principles of Refrigeration
•Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas
•Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.
For refrigeration system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly. For
this reason, the system use the same cycle of compression, condensation, expansion, and
evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat from one area, to
cool this area, and to expel this heat in another area.
•The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then
moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.
•The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat
to the outside air.
•The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow
of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.
•The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is
absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.
•As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is
repeated.
Note that the four-part cycle is divided at the center into a high side and a low side This refers to
the pressures of the refrigerant in each side of the system
REFRIGERATION CYCLE