Topics:

 Thrush
 Opthalmia Neonatorum
 Diarrhea
 Vomiting
 Colic
DEFINITION
a tongue thrust is an abnormal swallow pattern where
one's tongue pushes against or between the front teeth
during a swallow.
Signs and Symptoms
 Allergies
 Enlarged tonsils and adenoids can block
airways, causing an open-mouth breathing
pattern.
 Excessive thumb or finger sucking, lip and
fingernail biting, lip picking, and teeth
clenching
Cause
 Factors that can contribute to tongue thrusting
include macroglossia (enlarged tongue), thumb
sucking, large tonsils, hereditary factors,
ankyloglossia (tongue tie), and certain types of
artificial nipples used in feeding infants, also
allergies or nasal congestion can cause the tongue
to lie low in the mouth because of breathing
obstruction and finally contributing to tongue
thrusting.
DIAGNOSIS
diagnosis usually is made when the child
displays a dental or speech problem that
needs correction
Treatment
There are two methods for treating tongue
thrusting. The patient may place an appliance
similar to a nightguard in the mouth at night, or
may wear a more permanent device that can be
removed and adjusted by a dentist. The other
method requires oral habit training, an exercise
technique called orofacial myofunctional therapy,
that re-educates the muscles associated with
swallowing by changing the swallowing pattern
Prevention

 Eliminate thumb/finger sucking

 Lip Exercise
 Myofunctional therapy-Elastic Exercise
Nursing Intervention
 Keep lips well lubricated using petroleum
jelly or a similar product.
 Instruct client in ways to soothe the oral
cavity (e.g., cool beverages, Popsicles,
viscous lidocaine
 If client often breathes by mouth, add
humidity to room unless contraindicated.
PICTURES
Definition

Neonatal conjunctivitis, also known

as ophthalmia neonatorum, is a form
of conjunctivitis and a type of neonatal
infection contracted by newborns during
delivery.
Signs and Symptoms

 Pain and tenderness in the eyeball.

 Conjunctival discharge: purulent, mucoid
or mucopurulent depending on the cause.
 Corneal involvement (rare) may occur in
herpes simplex ophthalmia neonatorum.
Cause

Infectious
 Many different bacteria and viruses can cause
conjunctivitis in the neonate. The two most common
causes are N. gonorrheae and Chlamydia acquired from
the birth canal during delivery.
 Ophthalmia neonatorum due to gonococci (Neisseria
gonorrhoeae) typically manifests in the first five days post
birth and is associated with marked bilateral purulent
discharge and local inflammation.

 Chlamydia trachomatis produces conjunctivitis after day

three post birth, but may occur up to two weeks after
delivery.
Diagnosis

*Culture of the drainage from the eye

This diagnostic procedure is advised to

determine the existence of any virus or
bacteria
Treatment
 Other bacterial ophthalmia neonatorum should
be treated by broad spectrum antibiotics drops
and ointment for two weeks. Neonatal
inclusion conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia
trachomatis responds well to topical
tetracycline 1% or erythromycin 0.5% eye
ointment QID for three weeks.
Prevention

Antibiotic ointment is typically applied to the

newborn's eyes within 1 hour of birth as
prevention against gonococcal ophthalmia. This
maybe erytromycin, tetracycline, or silver
nitrate
Nursing Intervention
1. Put the baby in a comfortable position, head
elevated (eg held).
Rationale: good position to help loosen the
airway.

2. Give oxygen and airway clear of secretions.

Rationale: Oxygen overcome the body's need for
oxygen and clearing the airway would reduce
blockages in the airway.

3. Collaboration with the doctor about antibiotics.

Rational: antibiotics to fight infection.
PICTURES
Definition
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the
condition of having at least three loose or
liquid bowel movements each day. It often
lasts for a few days and can result
in dehydration due to fluid loss.
Signs and Symptoms
 Frequent loose, watery stools.
 Abdominal cramps.
 Abdominal pain.
 Fever.
 Bleeding.
Cause

 a food intolerance, such as lactose intolerance

 a food allergy
 an adverse reaction to a medication
 an intestinal disease
 a parasitic infection
Diagnosis

 fasting tests to determine whether a food

intolerance or allergy is the cause
 imaging tests to check for inflammation and
structural abnormalities of the intestine
 a stool culture to check for bacteria, parasites, or
signs of disease
Treatment

The treatment for diarrhea usually requires

replacing lost fluids. This simply means you need
to drink more water or electrolyte replacement
beverages, such as sports drinks..
Prevention
 You can avoid developing diarrhea from food
poisoning by washing the cooking and food
preparation areas more frequently.
 Serve food immediately after preparing it.
 Refrigerate leftovers promptly.
 Always thaw frozen food in a refrigerator.
Nursing Intervention
 Replace fluid and electrolyte losses
 Provide good perianal care.
 Promote rest. To reduce peristalsis.
 Diet
 Antidiarrheal medications as ordered

 Note: Do not administer antidiarrheal at the start of diarrhea. Diarrhea is the

body’s protective mechanism to rid itself of bacteria and toxins.
Pictures
Definition

Vomiting-
forcible ejection of contents of stomach
through the mouth .
Called also emesis and regurgitation.
Signs/Symptoms
 Medication-induced vomiting.
 Intense pain.
 Emotional stress (such as fear)
 Gallbladder disease.
 Food poisoning.
Cause

Vomiting may be caused by food

poisoning, gastritis (inflammation of the
stomach lining), an ulcer, or bulimia.
Treatment
 An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against
vomiting and nausea.
 Drink water, sports drinks, or broths.
 Eat as tolerated, but only light, bland foods, such
as crackers or plain bread to begin with.
Prevention

 Avoid foods that are hard to digest.

 If the smell of hot food makes you feel ill, try
eating cool or cold meals.
 Eat six small meals each day instead of three
large ones.
Nursing Intervention
 Have the person drink small amounts of water,
sports drinks, or clear liquids.
 Don't give the person solid food until vomiting
has stopped.
 When the person can tolerate food, try small
amounts of the BRAT diet: bananas, rice,
applesauce, and toast.
Pictures
Definition
Baby colic, also known as infantile colic, is
defined as episodes of crying for more
than three hours a day, for more than
three days a week, for three weeks in an
otherwise healthy child. Often crying
occurs in the evening.
Signs/Symptoms
 intense crying bouts.
 crying in the late afternoon or evening
that lasts several hours.
 your baby's face being red and flushed
when they cry.
Cause
The cause of colic is unknown. Researchers have
explored a number of possibilities, including
allergies, lactose intolerance, changes in the
normal bacteria found in the digestive system, a
digestive system that hasn't fully developed,
anxious parents, and differences in the way a
baby is fed or comforted.
Diagnosis
Your baby's doctor will do a physical exam to
identify any possible causes for your baby's
distress, such as a blockage in your baby's
intestines (intestinal obstruction). If your baby is
otherwise healthy, he or she may
be diagnosed with colic.
Treatment
 Lay him on his back in a dark, quiet room.
 Swaddle him snugly in a blanket.
 Lay him across your lap and gently rub his back.
 Have him suck on a pacifier.
 Soak him in a warm bath.
Prevention
You cannot prevent colic, but if you think the
distress is related to feeding, you may lessen the
frequency of episodes by trying the following:
-Hold your baby upright when feeding to prevent
them swallowing air.
-wind them often, and especially after a feed. Feed
smaller amounts more frequently.
Nursing Intervention
 Recommend that the parents not exhaust themselves
and encourage them to consider leaving their baby with
other caretakers for short respites.
 Remind parents about the importance of feeding a
hungry baby, changing wet diapers, and comforting a
baby who is cold and crying
 Soothing music accompanied with parental attention
(including eye contact, talking, touching, rocking, walking,
and playing)
Pictures