

Classification
 Application

 Automobile Engine
 Aircraft Engine
 Locomotive Engine
 Marine Engine
 Stationary Engine
 Engine Design

 Reciprocating:
 Single cylinder, Multi-cylinder In-line, V, radial,
opposed cylinder, Opposed Piston.
 Rotatory:
 Single motor, Multi motor
 Operation Cycle

 Atkinson (For complete expansion SI Engine)
 Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
 Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
 Miller (For Early/Late Inlet valve closing type SI
Engine)
 Otto (For the Convectional SI Engine)
 Working Cycle

 Four stroke cycle
 Two stroke cycle
 Scavenging ; direct/crankcase/cross flow; back
flow/loop; Uni flow
 Naturally aspirated or turbocharged
 Design of valve

 Poppet valve
 Rotatory valve
Location of Valve / Port

 T-head
 L-head
 F-head
 L-head
 Fuel

 Convectional
 Crude oil derivatives; Petrol, diesel
 Other sources; coal, bio-mass, tar stands, shale
 Alternative
 Petroleum derived: CNG, LPG
 Bio-mass derived: alcohols, vegetable oils, producer
gas, biogas and hydrogen
 Blending
 Bi-fuel and dual fuel
 Mixture Preparation

 Carburetion
 Fuel injection
 Ignition

 Spark ignition
 Compression Ignition
 Stratification of Charge

 Homogeneous Charge
 Stratified charge
 With carburetion
 With fuel injection
 Combustion Chamber
Design

 Open chamber: Disc, wedge, hemispherical, bowl-in-
piston, bath tub.
 Divided chamber:
 (For CI) 1. Swirl chamber, 2. Pre-chamber
 (for SI) 1. CVCC, 2. Other designs
 Cooling System

 Air-cooling system
 Water-cooling system
ENGINE COMPONENTS

CYLINDER BLOCK

 CYLINDER BLOCK

 Cylinder is the main body of IC engine.
 Cylinder is a part in which the intake of fuel,
compression of fuel and burning of fuel take place.
 The main function of cylinder is to guide the piston.
 At the upper end of cylinder, cylinder head and at
the bottom end crank case is bolted.
 To handle all this pressure and temperature
generated by combustion of fuel, cylinder material
should have high compressive strength.
 It is made by high grade cast iron
CYLINDER HEAD

 CYLINDER HEAD

 The top end of cylinder is closed by means of
removable cylinder head.
 Each cylinder has two ports or valves, one inlet other
outlet.
 The inlet valve, exhaust valve, spark plug, injector
etc. are bolted on the cylinder head.
 Cylinder head is usually made by cast iron or
aluminium.
PISTON

 PISTON

 A cylindrical-shaped mass that reciprocate back and
forth in the cylinder transmitting force to the
crankshaft.
 The top of the piston is called CROWN and the sides
are called SKIRT.
 PISTON is made up of cast iron, steel or aluminium.
 Aluminium piston are light . Used for light engine .
PISTON RINGS

 PISTON RINGS

 Metal ring that fixed into a circumferential grooves
around the piston.
 Made up of highly polished chromed steel.
 It make a seal between piston and cylinder walls.
 It also used for lubrication purpose.
CONNECTING ROD

 CONNECTING ROD

 Rod connecting the piston with rotating crankshaft.
 Usually made of STEEL or ALLOY FORGED but in
small engine it can be made of ALUMINUM.
CRANK SHAFT

 CRANK SHAFT

 Rotating shaft through which engine work output is
supplied to the system.
 Mostly they made of forged steel or cast iron.
 It is attached with the engine block by MAIN
BEARING.
 Having crank weights attached with crankshaft
CRANK CASE

 CRANK CASE

 The part of the engine block surrounding the
rotating shaft.
 The oil pan makes up part of the crank case housing.
VALVES

 VALVES

 Used to allow the flow into and out of the cylinder at
proper time in the cycle .
 VALVES are made of forged steel.
 Two stroke engine do not have valves they have
ports system (slot).
SPARK PLUG

 SPARK PLUG

 Electric device used to initiate combustion in SI
engine.
 Made up of the metal surrounded by the ceramic
insulation.
 Spark plugs only used in SI engine.
INJECTOR

 INJECTOR

 A pressurized nozzle which spray the fuel into the
incoming air on CI engine.
 Injector directly spray at the combustion chamber.
 It is placed at the centre of the combustion chamber.
CAM SHAFT

 CAM SHAFT

 Rotating shaft used to push open valves at proper
timing in engine cycle.
 Can be control HYDRAULICALLY or
MECHANICALLY.
 Modern engine have more then two cams.
 WORKING

 Two Stroke Engine
 Four Stroke Engine
 Live Engine
 
Two Stroke Engine

 
Four Stroke Engine

 
See Through Engine

 
Valve Timing Diagram


 
Port Timing Diagram


P-V Diagrams Two
stroke diesel engine

Two stroke petrol
engine

Four stroke diesel
engine

Four stroke petrol
engine

CARBURETOR

SOLEX CARBURETOR

 
 1. Conventional float
 2. Main jet
 3. Choke tube or venturi
 4. Emulsion tube
 6.Aix-correctionjet
 6. Spmyingorifioeorrnoulee
 7. Conventional butterfly valve
 8. Flat disc with holes of different sizes
 
 9. Starter petrol jet
 10. Jet
 11. Starting passage
 12. Starter lever
 13. Pilot jet
 14. Small pilot air bleed orifice
 15. Idling volume control screw
 16. Idle port
 
 17. By-pass orifice
 18. Pump injector
 19. Pump lever
 20. Pump jet
 21. Pump inlet valve.


 Geometric Parameters

 Bore (D)
 Diameter of the piston or the inside diameter of the
cylinder.
 Stroke (L)
 The distance between the TDC and BDC or the largest
the piston can travel in one direction.
 Top dead center (TDC)
 It is the position of the piston when it forms the
smallest volume in the cylinder.
 Geometric Parameters

 Bottom dead center (BDC)
 It is the position of the piston when it forms the largest
volume in the cylinder.
 Crank radius (a)
 It is the distance above the center axis of the shaft
where the crank is connected to the piston via the
connecting rod.
 Crank angle (θ)
 It refers to the position on an engine’s crankshaft in
relation to the piston as it travels inside of the cylinder
wall.
 Geometric Parameters

 Compression Ratio (rk)
 It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the cylinder
to the clearance volume.

 Vs – Swept Volume
 Vc – Clearance Volume
 Geometric Parameters

 Stroke Ratio (RDL)
 The stroke ratio is define as the ratio of cylinder bore
diameter to piston stroke.

 RDL = 0.8 TO 1..2 for small and medium size engine.

 RDL = 0.15 for large slow speed CI engine.
 Geometric Parameters

 Ratio of connecting rod length to Crank radius

 l- connecting rod length

 a- crank radius
 R= 3 to 4 for small and medium size engine
 R = 5 to 9 for large slow speed CI engine.


Performance of SI Engine

 Spark Timing
 Spark advances, more power required for
compression at the end of the stroke.
 Spark delays, peak cylinder pressure decreases which
decrease the power output.
 Particular timing that gives maximum torque at fixed
speed is called “Maximum Brake Torque – Timing”
(MBT)
Performance of SI Engine

Performance of SI Engine

 Mixture composition
 Air/fuel ratio
 Equivalence ratio
 Increase in air/fuel ratio – lean mixture
 Decrease in air/fuel ratio – rich mixture
Performance of SI Engine

Performance of SI Engine

Performance of SI Engine

Performance of SI Engine

 Exhaust gas recycle (EGR)
 Reduce the pollution.
 Reduce bsfc
 Reduce exhaust temperature
Performance of SI Engine

Performance of SI Engine

Performance of SI Engine

Performance of SI Engine

 Load and Speed
 Emissions vary with the increase in load
 Emissions vary with the change in speed
Performance of SI Engine

Performance of SI Engine

Performance of SI Engine

 Compression ratio
Performance of SI Engine

Performance of SI Engine

Performance of CI Engine

 Load and speed
Performance of CI Engine

Performance of CI Engine

Performance of CI Engine

 Fuel Injection Timing
Performance of CI Engine

Performance of CI Engine

Desirable properties of fuel

 High calorific value
 Moderate ignition temperature
 Low moisture content
 Low NOx combustible matter
 Moderate velocity of combustion
 Products of combustion not harmful
 Low cost
 Easy to transport
 Combustion should be controllable
 No spontaneous combustion
 Low storage cost
 Should burn in air with efficiency.
Air/Fuel Ratio

 Air/Fuel Ratio

 Rich mixture – Max power, fast acceleration, cold
starting
 15:1 to 17:1 – for average cruising operation
 19:1 to 20:1 – Lean Mi
 STOICHIOMETRIC AIR FUEL RATIO is the ratio
when the exact amount of air is present in the engine
to burn the fuel present completely.
 The equivalence ratio is defined as the ratio of the
actual fuel/air ratio to the stoichiometric
fuel/air ratio
 Combustion

 Combustion – burning of air and fuel.
 Carbon and hydrogen of fuel react with oxygen of
air to form water and carbon-di-oxide.
Combustion in SI Engine

Combustion in SI Engine

Combustion in SI Engine

 Stages of combustion
 Stage – I Ignition delay
 Stage – II propagation of flame
 Stage – III after burning
Combustion in SI Engine

 Factors affecting ignition delay
 Air/fuel ratio
 Temperature and pressure
 Compression ratio
 Spark timing
 Engine speed
 Electrode gap of spark plug
 Engine output
 Engine size
Combustion in SI Engine

 Factors affecting combustion
 Composition of mixture
 Load
 Compression ratio
 Speed
 Shape of combustion chamber
 Spark plug position
Combustion in CI Engine

Combustion in CI Engine

 Stages in combustion
 Ignition delay
 Rapid or uncontrolled combustion
 Controlled combustion
 Afterburning
Combustion in CI Engine

 Factors affecting delay period
 Compression ratio
 Engine speed
 Engine output
 Atomization and duration of injection
 Injection timing
 Quality of fuel
 Intake temperature
 Intake pressure
Knocking (or) Detonation

Knocking (or) Detonation in
SI engine

 Effect of knocking
 Noise and roughness
 Mechanical damage
 Carbon deposit
 Increase in hear transfer
 Decrease power output and efficiency
 Pre-ignition
Knocking (or) Detonation in
CI engine

Multi Point Fuel Injection
System (MPFI)

Diesel injection

Common Rail Direct
Injection (CRDI)

 CRDI

 Advantages
 25% more power and torque than the normal direct
injection engine
 Lower levels of noise and vibration
 higher mileage
 lower emissions
 improved performance.
 CRDI

 Disadvantages
 Costly
 High degree of engine maintenance
Ignition System

Battery ignition system

Battery ignition system

 Battery ignition system

 Advantages
 Good spark at low engine speed and better starting
than magneto system
 Low maintenance cost
 No problems due to adjustment of spark timings
 More fuel efficiency
 Disadvantage
 Battery need monthly maintenance
 In case of battery go wrong, engine cannot be started.
Magneto ignition system

Magneto ignition system

 Advantages
 do not require any external source to generate energy
 This system is more useful at medium and high speed
 It is useful because no battery is used
 It needs maintenance less
 Disadvantages
 It has starting problem due to low rotating speed of engine
while starting
 It is more expensive when measure up to battery ignition
system
 There is risk of misfire due to leakage because variation of
voltage in wiring can occur high voltage
Electronic Ignition System

Electronic Ignition System

 Advantage
 Initial cost of the system is low
 Better spark at low speed and starting
 Disadvantage
 At high speed, spark voltage decreases
 Size of the system
 LUBRICATION SYSTEM

 The lubrication is the flow of oil between two mating
surface having relatives motion.
 The effectiveness of lubrication plays an important role in
the performance characteristics and determine the service
life of an engine.
 the cylinder wall is separated from the piston by a thin,
invisible lubricating film approximately 3 microns in
depth.
 Reduce extreme heat and friction,
 It prevents the piston to drag against the cylinder wall.
TYPES OF LUBRICATION

Lubrication

Mist Wet sump Dry sump

Splash and Pressure

Splash
pressure feed
 MIST LUBRICATION

 Used where crank case lubrication is not suitable.
 Used in two stroke engines.
 3 to 6% is mixed with the engine fuel.
 The oil turns in the form of mist and goes through
the crank case.
 Lubricates the area where it hits.
 Simple and low cost.
 MIST LUBRICATION

 Cause heavy exhaust smoke.
 Acidic vapours formed during combustion.
 Engine suffer low lubrication during idling.
 SPLASH SYSTEM

 used in some small four-stroke engines.
 cap is present on the big end of the connecting rod
which consists of a scoop.
 Connecting rod scoop gets dipped into the oil, thus it
directs the oil into the holes present in the bearing.
 the lower position of the cylinder walls, crankshaft
and other parts gets lubrication.
 Suitable for slow and medium speed engines.
SPLASH SYSTEM

 PRESSURE FEED SYSTEM

 oil is pumped from oil sump and it is distributed to
various parts requiring lubrication.
 Pumped using gear pump at pressure 1.5 to 4 bar.
 All the points are communicated through the holes
drilled internally.
PRESSURE FEED SYSTEM

 SPLASH AND PRESSURE

 Combination of both splash and pressure system.
 Oil is located in the base of the crank chamber.
 In addition to the splash a pump pumps the oil to
some components of the engine.
 This gets the benefits of both splash and pressure
feed system.
SPLASH AND PRESSURE

 DRY SUMP

 Oil stored in external tank.
 The dripping of the oil in crank case will be removed
by scavenging.
DRY SUMP

 FUNCTIONS OF LUBRICANT

 Lubricant is to limit and control the following,
 Friction between components.
 Overheating
 Wear of components
 Corrosion
 deposits
 PROPERTIES

 Viscosity
 Adherence
 High strength to prevent friction
 Chemically neutral
 Clean ability
 No-foaming
 Non-toxic
 Non-flammable
 Low cost
 COOLING SYSTEM

 System should remove 30% of heat from the engine
to maintain optimum temperature.
 System should remove heat as fast as the engine is
heated.
 TYPES OF COOLING

 Air cooling or Direct cooling.
 Water cooling or Indirect cooling.
 AIR COOLED SYSTEM

 Atmospheric air is use to cool the engine directly.
 Fins or baffles are used to increase cooling area.
 Applicable for light engines.
 Simple in construction.
 Temperature will always higher than water cooled
engine.
AIR COOLED SYSTEM

 WATER COOLED

 Water carries the heat from the engine
 Heat from engine to water and then to atmospheric
air.
 Efficient than air cooled engine.
 Two types
 Thermosiphon system
 Forced circulation system
 THERMOSIPHON

 Works on the basis of density difference.
 When the water gets heated pushes the hot water
upwards.
 Moves downward in the radiator.
 Cooled water again passes through the engine.
THERMOSIPHON

 FORCED CIRCULATION

 The cooling water is pumped through the cylinder.
 The hot water is cooled in the radiator.
 Thermostat valve controls the movement of the
water through the engine.
FORCED CIRCULATION

Supercharger

Turbocharger

 
 Supercharger
 Turbocharger
Turbo vs Super Charger

Sl.
Turbocharger Supercharger
No.
1 No electric power Electric power

Runs with waste energy from Need part of power produced

2
engine by the engine

3 Less boost in power at low rpm Constant boost at all rpm

4 Cheep Costly

5 Hard to install Easy to install

Gas Turbine Open Cycle

Gas Turbine Closed Cycle

Heat

Work

Constants

Efficiency

Work Ratio

Actual Brayton Cycle

Isentropic Efficiency

Optimum Pressure Ratio

Gas Turbine With
Intercooler

Gas Turbine with
Regenerator

Gas Turbine with Reheater

Gas Turbine with intercooler,
Reheater and Regenerator
