Professional Documents
Culture Documents
rd
Assessment for the 23 Avenue
Interchange
S. A. Craik
Human
Impacts
Civ E 240 -S. Craik - Winter 2005 14
Environmental Noise Assessment
• Noise: Defined as “unwanted sound”
P
Sound Pressure Level, L A [dB] 20 log
P0
n Li 10
LT 10 log 10
i 1
LT = total sound level (dBA)
Li = individual component sound level
resulting from source i (dBA)
Civ E 240 -S. Craik - Winter 2005 22
Temporal Aspects
Leq: Equivalent Sound Level
- energy equivalent sound pressure level averaged
over a specific time period (i.e. 24 hrs)
- used to account for temporal variations in sound
n Li
Leq 10 log f i 10 10
i 1
Li = individual component sound level during
interval i (dBA)
fi = time fraction of interval i
Civ E 240 -S. Craik - Winter 2005 23
Ldn: Day-Night Average Sound Level
Urban residential 58 to 62 60
Noisy Urban
63 to 67 65
Residential
Very noisy urban
68 to 72 70
residential
(Adapted from Cantor,1996)
Civ E 240 -S. Craik - Winter 2005 25
Sound Attenuation
• Sound pressure level decreases with increasing
distance from a source as sound waves radiate
outward.
• For a point source:
r1
Leq (r2 ) Leq (r1 ) 20 log
r2
r1 = distance from source to nearer pt. (m)
r2 = distance from source to farther pt. (m)
• Example: Construction equipment
Civ E 240 -S. Craik - Winter 2005 26
Sound Attenuation – Line Source
• Line source can be treated as a series of point
sources:
l1
Leq (l2 ) Leq (l1 ) 10 log
l 2
• Example: Roadways
Civ E 240 -S. Craik - Winter 2005 27
Estimates of Noise at Construction Sites
for Public Works, Roads and Highways
Construction All Equipment Minimum
Phase at Site Equipment at Site
Ground Clearing 84 84
Excavation 88 78
Foundations 88 88
Erection 79 78
Finishing 84 84
(Adapted from Cantor,1996)
Civ E 240 -S. Craik - Winter 2005 28
Estimating Equivalent Construction
Noise for a Project
1N Li
Leq 10 log Ti (10) 10
T i 1
Leq = equivalent noise level at construction site for entire
project (daytime construction only)
Li = Leq for i’th construction phase
Ti = duration of i’th construction phase
T = total time of project
N = number of construction phases
• Consider alternatives
– Restricted use of pile drivers
– Use of bored and poured holes (more expensive