GOLONGAN DARAH

Dr. dr. Endang Sriwahyuni, MS.

1
 “ Golongan Darah “

 Perbedaan golongan darah setiap orang disebabkan oleh

karena adanya Antigen (Ag) Aglutinogen pada dinding
eritrosit dan adanya antibody spesifik (Ab) Aglutinin di dalam
plasmanya

darah donor + resipien

Tidak cocok transfusi

oleh karena terjadi aglutinasi

2
 Golongan Darah “ ABO ”

Gol. Darah Ag. Ab.

O - Anti A & anti B
A A Anti B
B B Anti A
AB AB -

3
 Blood Types with their Genotypes and their
constituent Agglutinogens and Agglutinins

Genotypes Blood types Agglutinogens Agglutinins

OO O - Anti A and
Anti B
OA or AA A A Anti B

OB or BB B B Anti A

AB AB A and B -

4
Relative Frequencies
of the Different Blood Types

 The prevalence of the different Blood

Types among one group of persons
studied was approximately :
 O 47 %
 A 41 %
 B 9%
 AB 3%

5
Blood typing, showing Agglutination of cells
of the different blood types with Anti A or
Anti B Agglutinins in the Sera

Red Blood Sera

Cells Types Anti A Anti B
O - -
A + -
B - +
AB + +

6
 “Reaksi silang“

 Penting dikerjakan sebelum transfusi darah

 Eritrosit & serum antara donor & resipien direaksikan secara
silang invitro
• r. s. mayor : erit. donor + serum resipien → ada /
tidaknya aglutinin resipien yg mungkin merusak erit.
donor
• r. s. minor : serum donor + erit. resipien → ada / tidaknya
aglutinin donor yg mempengaruhi erit. resipien.
 Aglutinin donor dalam sirkulasi sangat diencerkan oleh
plasma resipien  < berbahaya  r.s. minor dianggap
kurang penting 7
 Contoh :
Ag Ab
D→A : A anti B
R→B : B anti A
m (+) M (+)

Sangat diencerkan dalam tubuh R

→ < penting

8
“Golongan darah Rhesus“

 Ag. golongan darah Rh, biasanya mempunyai

antigenisitas lemah, kecuali Ag D  disebut
“Ag. Rh“

 Ag Rh  dalam erit  golongan Rh  (ada Ag

Rh)
Ag Rh  dalam erit  golongan Rh  (tidak ada
Rh)

9
 Anyone who has this type of antigen (D antigen) is
said to be “Rh positive”, whereas a person who
does not have type D antigen is called to be Rh
negative
 It can still cause transfusion reactions  usually
much milder
 About 85 % of all white people are Rh positive
and 15 % Rh negative
 In American blacks the percentage of Rh positive
is about 95, whereas in African blacks, it is
virtually 100 percent 10
 Rh Blood Types

 The major difference between

AOB system Rh system
 The plasma agglutinins  Spontaneous agglutinins
responsible for causing almost never occur
transfusion reactions
develop spontancously The person must first
be massively exposed to
an Rh antigen

11
 When RBC containing Rh factor
Are injected
Blood does not contain Rh factor/Rh negative
person

Anti Rh agglutinins develop slowly

Reaching maximum concentration of agglutinins

about 2 to 4 months later
12
 If an Rh negative person has never before been
exposed to Rh positive blood
Transfusion of Rh positive
No Immediate reaction

Then it’s hemolyzed by the tissue macrophage

system

A delayed transfusion reaction occurs, although it

is usually mild
13
 N : Pada golongan darah Rh (–) → Tidak ada Ab anti Rh (–)
terpapar golongan darah Rh  dari transfusi atau
darah bayi waktu lahir
Reaksi pembentukan Ab. Anti Rh
terpapar lagi Rh 

Darah tsb akan dihancurkan oleh Ab. anti Rh

14
 Ibu Rh  bayi Rh   kehamilan baik oleh karena darah
bayi placenta ibu. Waktu persalinan  jaringan
placenta rusak  darah bayi ke ibu.
 imunitas ibu membentuk Ab anti Rh. Beberapa tahun
kemudian, ibu hamil II : bayi Rh   anti Rh ibu ke bayi
 menghancurkan darah bayi  anemia hemolitik 
“Erythroblastosis Fetalis”

15
Erythroblastosis Fetalis

 Is a disease of the fetus and new

born child
 Characterized by aglutination and
phagocytosis of the fetus’s RBCs

16
The mother is Rh (-) The father Rh (+)

The baby has

Inherited the Rh (+) antigen

The mother develops anti Rh agglutinins from

exposure to the fetus’s Rh antigen

The mother’s agglutinins diffuse

through the placenta into the fetus

Cause RBC agglutination

17
Treatment of the Erythroblastosis Fetalis

 To replace the neonate’s blood with Rh (–)

blood by infused over period of 1,5 or
more hours while the neonate’s own Rh (+)
blood is being removed (during the first
few weeks of life)

18