Structural Engineering &Construction

STEEL DESIGN
(Lecture 2)

1. Rolled shapes sections

2. Built-up sections.
 STEEL CROSS SECTION PROPERTIES :
Rolled Shapes

Y-axis (Minor or weak axis) Y-axis

bf
tf
Ix = maximum
Sx = maximum
d X-axis (Major or Ix
strong axis) Sx X-axis

tw
y
tf

Iy = minimum
Sy = minimum x
Iy
Sy

Wide Flange or W-Section Standard Angles

PROB. 1 A steel beam section has an upper flange 20mm x 300mm,
vertical web of 20mm x 300mm, and a lower flange of 20mm x
200mm. If Fy=250 Mpa, determine the following :

300
1. The location of the neutral axis at elastic
20 load stage.
20 2. The location of the neutral axis at limit
state.
300 3. The section modulus at elastic state.
4. The section modulus at limit state.
5. The ratio of the limit moment to yield
20 moment.
6. The plastic moment capacity of the section.
200 7. The load factor so as not to exceed the
allowable bending stress at service load
condition.
 AT –
300
1. y = Σ(A)(y) :
10 20
–y =150 –
(20x300x2 + 20x200) y = (20x300)10+(20x300)170+(20x200)330
170 140 –
y = 150 mm (from top)
Elastic NA
20
300 I 2. Area above PNA = Area below PNA :
330
190
(20)(300) + (20)(Y) = (20)(300 - Y) + (20)(200)

20 Y = 100 mm below top flange

20 Plastic NA from top of beam = yp = 120mm
Elastic State
200
3. I = ∑ (Icg + Ad2) : 300 x 20 3

10
300
ELASTIC
PLASTIC N.A.
I = 294.93x 10 mm
= centroid
I=
neutral
6 4
axisof
-------------
12
+ the
at 2
20 (20x300)140 3
110
yP plastic state 294.93x10
thatarea of
+ 20
divides the the
-------------
12 6
section
x 300 + (20x300)20 2
y =100 S=I/c = ----------------
bottom
50
Plastic NA
section into190two equal 200 x 20 areas.
+ -------------
12
+ (20x200)180
3
2

100 S = 1552.3 x 103 mm3

210 300 - Y = 200

7.
4.
The load factor so as not to
Z = ∑(A)(Y ) : 1

20
exceed the allowable bending
Z = (20x300)110 + (20x100)50 + (20x200)100 + (20x200)210
20 stress
Z = 2000 xat
10 service
mm 3load condition.
3

200
Plastic State
5. Mp / My = Shape factor = Z / S : SF = 2000 / 1552.3 = 1.29

6. Plastic Moment Mp = Fy Z : Mp = 250 ( 2000 x 103 )x10 – 6 = 500 KNm

1. The
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Location
Section 7.of moment
ratiomodulus
plastic neutral
the
Loadlimit
at axis
elastic
limit
capacity
moment
factor LF at
=state.
elastic
limit
SFstate.
of
to state.
(Fy) /the
load
0.66section.
yield LF = 1.29
Fy stage.
: moment. / 0.66 = 1.95
 1. Built-Up Sections

PROB. 2 A wide flange section is built up from 3- 400mm x 20mm plate

welded together to form a wide flange section. Determine the
following if section is subjected to a maximum shear force of
2400 N:
400
1. The maximum shearing stress (shear stress
20 at the neutral axis).
20 2. The shearing stress at the junction of the
flange and web.
400 3. The average shearing stress in the web.
4. The shear force carried by the web.
5. The longitudinal force at the junction of the
20 flange and web.
6. The shear flow at a section 100mm
400 horizontally from one end of the top flange.
PROB. 3 A built-up steel beam with section forming a tee consists of a
channel connected on top of a wide flange by two rows of rivets.
The properties of the steel sections are as follows :
WIDE FLANGE CHANNEL
A = 6832 mm2 A = 3920 mm2
d = 402 mm d = 305 mm
b = 250 mm X = 17.5 mm
Ix = 185.75x106 mm4 tw = 7.2 mm
Iy = 1.59x106 mm4
DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING :

1. The moment of inertia of the section.

2. The section modulus of the section.
3. The moment capacity of the beam if the
allowable bending stress is 134 Mpa.
4. The maximum shear capacity of the rivets if the
allowable shear stress on the rivets is 103 Mpa.
5. The shearing stress at the junction of the top
flange of the wide flange section and the channel
if the shear force is 178 KN.
6. The longitudinal spacing of the 16mmØ rivets.
PROB. 4 A built-up plate girder on a simple span of 12m is formed by
welding together 300 mm x 12 mm steel plates for the top and
bottom flange and 1200mm x 10 mm steel plate for the web. It
carries a uniform load of 36.6 KN/m and a concentrated load at
midspan of 268 KN. The web is provided with sufficient
stiffeners and the section is laterally-supported.

DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING :

P = 268 KN
1. The required width of a 12mm thick
cover plate to reinforce the top
w = 36.6 KN/m
and bottom of the section in order
that the allowable bending stress
of 138 Mpa will not be exceeded.
2. The section modulus of the beam
at the midspan section.
X X 3. The location from support where
Cover plates
the cover plates will be terminated.
L = 12 m
Structural Engineering &Construction

STEEL DESIGN
(Lecture 3)

LATERALLY - SUPPORTED BEAM

LATERALLY - UNSUPPORTED BEAM
 STEEL CROSS SECTION PROPERTIES :
Rolled Shapes

Y-axis (Minor or weak axis) Y-axis

bf
tf
Ix = maximum
Sx = maximum
d X-axis (Major or Ix
strong axis) Sx X-axis

tw
y
tf

Iy = minimum
Sy = minimum x
Iy
Sy

Wide Flange or W-Section Standard Angles

PROBLEM 1. LATERALLY - SUPPORTED BEAM

CE Bd May 2000
A simply-supported steel beam has a span of 10 m and carries a total vertical
downward load of 50 KN/m including own weight acting on the plane of the minor axis
of the section. The beam is restrained against lateral buckling at the top and bottom
flanges for the entire span. The material is A-36 steel with Fy =248 Mpa and elastic
modulus of 200 GPa. The allowable flexural stress for laterally braced compact
sections is 0.66 Fy. The allowable deflection is 1/360 of the span. Three compact
sections are being considered with relevant properties as follows :
SECTION Ix (mm4) d (mm)
W26x66 1240x106 654
W30x74 1460x106 772
W24x62 1190x106 618 NS

1. Which of the following gives the reqd. section modulus so that the maximum
flexural stress will not be exceeded? Ans. 3.82x106 mm3
2. Which of the following gives the minimum moment of inertia so that the
maximum allowable deflection is not exceeded ? Ans. 1172x106 mm4
3. Assuming the shear stress is not critical, which of the given sections is the
most economical section that is adequate for the given load? Ans. W24x62
PROBLEM 2. LATERALLY - SUPPORTED BEAM
A steel beam having a simple span of 6m is loaded with a uniform load acting on the
plane of the minor axis of the section. The beam is restrained against lateral buckling
on the top and bottom flanges along the entire span. Fy=250Mpa, E=200,000Mpa.
Allowable stresses: Properties of steel section :
Bending = 0.66Fy Ix = 560 x 106 mm4
Shear = 0.40Fy d = 550 mm
Deflection = span/360 tw = 10 mm

1. Which of4 the following gives the MC

3. 5wL L 1. -------- = 0.66 Fy Note : M = wL2/8
maximum
------------ = ------load if flexure
uniform
governs. Ix C=d/2
384 E Ix 360
4
Ans. 74.67Kn/m ( w x 6 2 / 8 ) x 106 ( 550 / 2 )
2. Which 5(w)(
of 6000
the )
following 6000the
gives --------------------------------------- = 0.66 x 250
----------------------------- = ------ 560 x 106
maximum
384 (200000) uniform
560x10 load
6 if 360
shear
w = 74.67 KN/m
governs.
Ans. 183.33Kn/m
w = 110.62
3. Which of the following gives KN/mthe
2. V Note : V = wL/2
maximum uniform load if deflection -------- = 0.40 Fy
governs. d tw
Ans. 110.62Kn/m ( w x 6 / 2 ) x103
---------------------- = 0.40 x 250
550 x 10
w = 183.33 KN/m
PROBLEM 3. LATERALLY - SUPPORTED BEAM
An 8m steel beam which is supported laterally throughout its span is made up of an
A36 steel with Fy = 250 Mpa. The properties of the steel section is as shown below :
A = 5310 mm2 tf = 11.8 mm Ix = 40.9 x 106 mm4
d = 205 mm bf = 166 mm tw = 7.2 mm

1. bf 170 170 1. Which of the following gives the

------ = -------- = -------- = 10.80
√ Fy minimum allowable value of the
2 tf √ 250
flange width- thickness ratio for a
section to be a compact section.

2. d 1680 1680 2. Which of the following gives the

------ = -------- = -------- = 106.25 maximum value of the depth-web
tw √ Fy √ 250 thickness ratio for a section to be a
compact section.

3. bf 166 3. Which of the following gives the

Actual ------ = ------------ = 7.03 < 10.80 allowable bending stress for the
2 tf 2 x 11.8
COMPACT SECT section.
Fb = 0.66 Fy = 165 Mpa
4. Which of the following gives the
safe moment capacity of the beam.
4. 165 (40.9 x106)
M = Fb Ix / c = -------------------- x 10 – 6
205 / 2 Note : C = d / 2
M = 65.84 KNm
PROBLEM 4.
LATERALLY - SUPPORTED BEAM
P P
L/3 L/3 L/3 200 bf 200x368.8
1. Max. L = Lc = --------- = ---------------- = 3974 mm
√ Fy √ 250
L=9m 200 bf
2. Min. L = Lc = --------- = 3974 mm
√ Fy
Concentrated loads P are acting at the middle thirds of the beam having a span of 9m.
The beam is made up of an A36 wide flange section with a yield stress of 344.5 Mpa
and modulus Lu 138000of 200,000 Mpa. The
of elasticity 138000beam is laterally-supported
3. Max. L = = ------------- = -------------------------------------- = 7479.8 mmat every
third points and neglect
Fy d the
/ AFweight of the beam
250x356.11 and effect of deflection.
/ (368.8x18.03)
6 mm4
4.Properties :
Actual unbraced bflength
= 368.8Lmm= 3 md =< 356.11 mm mm Ix = Beam
Lc = 3974 416 x 10
is laterally supported.
tf = 18.03 mm tw = 11.18 mm 3
Sx = 2343 x 10 mm 3

bf 368.8 170
------ = ------------- = 10.23 > -------- = 9.16
2 tf 2 x 18.03 √ Fy Beam is Partially-Compact
1. Which of the following gives the maximum 250 limit of the unbracedSection
length for the beam
< -------- = 13.47
to be considered a compact section.
√ Fy
2. Which of the following gives the minimum limit of the unbraced length for the beam
to be considered a non-compact section. bf
5. USE : Fb = Fy(0.79 – 0.00076
3. Which of the following gives the maximum ------ √ Fy
limit) of
= the222.55 MPa length for the beam
unbraced
2tf
to be considered a non-compact section.
4. Which of the following gives the type of the section.
5. Which of the following gives the value of the allowable bending stress of the section.
6. Max. M = P L / 3 = P(3) 6 = 222.55 (2343x103)
6. Which of the following gives the value of3PPifx10
= FbSx flexure giverns in the design.P = 173.8 KN
 PROBLEM 5. Page 1/2 LATERALLY - UNSUPPORTED BEAM
NOTE : CE BD 2003 : Questions 4 & 5
An1.8m simply-supported
A = AF + ⅓(A COMPRESSION AF + ⅓(½to
beam )is=subjected AWEB
a )
clockwise A =moment
(210x16)at+the left support= and
(1/6)(16x501) a mm2
4863
NOTE : M1 = 0.25 M
clockwise moment at the right support equal to ¼
M2 = M I = (tF x at 3) / 12 = 16 x 2103 / 12
bF the
of the moment left support, both acting in
M M1 / M2 = (+) ¼ M the plane of the minor axis = 12.348 106 mm
of the xbeam. 4
The A36
steel beam with Fy=248 Mpa is laterally supported
T = √ only.
I / A =The√ section 6 / 4863 = 50.39 mm
at rends 12.348 xis10a W21x62 with the
L=8m following properties : bf=210mm, d=533mm, tf =
2.
16mm, L / rT = 8000
tw=18mm, Sx /=50.39 = 158.76
2077x10 3 mm3

Using the NSCP provided, determine the ff :

210
16 1.3.TheCb
radius of +gyration,
= 1.75 rT2.) + 0.3(M1/ M2) 2
1.05(M1/ M
2. The actual slenderness ratio of the beam.
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(0.25 M / M) + 0.3 ( 0.25 M / M)2 = 2.03
3. The value of the bending coefficient, Cb.
4. The slenderness ratio which the beam is short with
533 501 respect to lateral buckling.
4. L / rT SHORT = √ 703000 Cb / Fy
5. The slenderness ratio which the beam is long with
respect to lateral buckling.
= √ 703000 (2.03 / 248) = 75.86 Mpa
16 6. The allowable flexural stress in the compression
16 5. flange.
L / rT LONG = √ 3520000 Cb / Fy
7. The allowable flexural stress in the tension flange.
I 8. The allowable = bending
√ 3520000stress
(2.03in = 169.74
accordance
/ 248) Mpa
with
the NSCP provisions.
9. The value of the moment at the left support.
PROBLEM 5. Page 2/2 LATERALLY - UNSUPPORTED BEAM

6. L / rT = 158.76 > L / rT SHORT

< L / rT LONG
USE the larger of :

2 Fy ( L/rT )2 2 248 ( 158.76 )2

Fb = --- - ------------------- Fy = --- - ----------------------- 248 = 92.95 Mpa
3 10.55x106 Cb 3 10.55x10 6 x 2.03

83000 Cb 83000 x 2.03

Fb = ---------------- = ------------------------------ = 132.77 Mpa < 0.6 Fy = 148.8 Mpa
L x d / AF 8000 x 533 / (16x210)
OK
USE : Fb compression = 132.77 Mpa

7. Fb tenion = 0.6 Fy = 148.8 Mpa

8. Safe Fb = smallest value of the result for tension and compression

Safe Fb = 132.77 Mpa

9. M = Safe Fb Sx = 132.77 (2077 x 103 ) x 10 - 6 = 275.76 KNm

Steel 1 - SOLUTIONS

I - LATERALLY- SUPPORTED BEAMS : Prob 4 .

Prob 2 . P P
MC
1. -------- = 0.66 Fy Note : M = wL2/8
L/3 L/3 L/3
Ix C=d/2

( w x 6 2 / 8 ) x 106 ( 550 / 2 ) L=9m

--------------------------------------- = 0.66 x 250 : w = 74.67 KN/m
560 x 106
200 bf 200x368.8
1. Max. L = Lc = --------- = ---------------- = 3974 mm
2. V √ Fy
Note : V = wL/2 √ 250
-------- = 0.40 Fy
d tw
200 bf
( w x 6 / 2 ) x103 2. Min. L = Lc = --------- = 3974 mm
---------------------- = 0.40 x 250 : w = 183.33 KN/m √ Fy
550 x 10
138000 138000
3. 5wL4 L 5(w)( 6000 )4 6000 3. Max. L = Lu = ------------- = -------------------------------------- = 7479.8 mm
------------ = ------ : ----------------------------- = ------
Fy d / AF 250x356.11 / (368.8x18.03)
384 E Ix 360 384 (200000) 560x106 360

w = 110.62 KN/m 4. Actual unbraced length L = 3 m < ( Lc = 3974 mm )

Beam is laterally supported.
Prob 3 . 1. bf 170 170
------ = ------ = -------- = 10.80 bf 368.8 170
2 tf √ Fy √ 250 ------ = ------------- = 10.23 > -------- = 9.16
2 tf 2 x 18.03 √ Fy Beam is Partially-
2. d 1680 1680 250 Compact Section
------ = -------- = -------- = 106.25 < -------- = 13.47
tw √ Fy √ 250 √ Fy

3. bf 166 bf
5. USE : Fb = Fy ( 0.79 – 0.00076 ----- √ Fy ) =
Actual ------ = ------------ = 7.03 < 10.80 (COMPACT SECT) 222.55 MPa
2 tf 2 x 11.8 2tf
USE : Fb = 0.66 Fy = 165 Mpa

6. Max. M = P L / 3 = P(3) 3 P x106 = 222.55 (2343x103)

165 (40.9 x106) –6
4. M = Fb Ix / c = ---------------------- x 10 = 65.84 KNm M = Fb Sx P = 173.8 KN
205 / 2
Note : C = d / 2
 PROBLEM. Page 1/2 LATERALLY - UNSUPPORTED BEAM
NOTE : CE BD 2003 : Questions 4 & 5
1. A = AF + ⅓(A COMPRESSION) = AF + ⅓(½ AWEB)
NOTE : M1 = 0.25 M A = 2(210x16) + (1/6)(16x501) = 4863 mm2
M2 = M I = (tF x bF 3) / 12 = 16 x 2103 / 12
M M1 / M2 = (+) ¼M = 12.348 x 106 mm4

rT = √ I / A = √ 12.348 x 106 / 4863 = 50.39 mm

L=8m
2. L / rT = 8000 / 50.39 = 158.76

210
16 3. Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/ M2) + 0.3(M1/ M2) 2
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(0.25 M / M) + 0.3 ( 0.25 M / M)2 = 2.03

533 501
4. L / rT SHORT = √ 703000 Cb / Fy

16 = √ 703000 (2.03 / 248) = 75.86 Mpa

16 5. L / rT LONG = √ 3520000 Cb / Fy

I = √ 3520000 (2.03 / 248) = 169.74 Mpa

PROBLEM. Page 2/2 LATERALLY - UNSUPPORTED BEAM

6. L / rT = 158.76 > L / rT SHORT

< L / rT LONG

USE the larger of :

2 Fy ( L/rT )2 2 248 ( 158.76 )2

Fb = --- - ------------------- Fy = --- - ----------------------- 248 = 92.95 Mpa
3 10.55x106 Cb 3 10.55x10 6 x 2.03

83000 Cb 83000 x 2.03

Fb = ---------------- = ------------------------------ = 132.77 Mpa < 0.6 Fy = 148.8 Mpa
L x d / AF 8000 x 533 / (16x210)
OK
USE : Fb compression = 132.77 Mpa

7. Fb tenion = 0.6 Fy = 148.8 Mpa

8. Safe Fb = smallest value of the result for tension and compression

Safe Fb = 132.77 Mpa

9. M = Safe Fb Sx = 132.77 (2077 x 103 ) x 10 - 6 = 275.76 KNm

Problem 1 : WEB CRIPPLING

A simply-supported wide flange section ( Properties : k=31mm, tw=12mm )

carries a concentrated load at midspan. A base plate placed directly under
the load has a load reaction width Np = 600mm. Using A36 steel (Fy=250Mpa),
determine the following : 1. The maximum concentrated load the
beam could support to prevent web
crippling.
1. P = 0.75Fy (tw) (Np + 2K)) 2. The compressive stress which will not
produce web crippling at the support if
P = 0.75x250(12)(600 + 2x31)) x10-3 the bearing plate at the support has a
load reaction width Nr = 300 mm.
P = 1490 KN
P

Np
R
2. fc = --------------------- ≤ 0.75 Fy : R = P/2
( Nr + k ) tw k
k k
(1490 x 103) / 2 k
fc = --------------------- = 187.56 Mpa k
(300 + 31 ) 12

Nr

R Critical sections
Problem 2 : WEB CRIPPLING
tw = 20.26 mm 0.4 L P
K = 49.21 mm
1. Value of P from Interior Loads : Fy = 250 Mpa

P = ( 2 beams )( 0.75Fy (tw) (Np + 2K)) Np = 300

= ( 2 )( 0.75x250(20.26)(300 + 2x49.21)) x10-3

P = 3027 KN Ans.
2 I-beams
2. Value of P from End Reaction : Nr = 200
End Reaction, R : R = Maximum left end
R = ( 2 beams )( 0.75Fy (tw) (Nr + K)) 3. Max. Reaction at supports :
= ( 2 )( 0.75x250 (20.26)(200 + 49.21)) x10-3
Safe P = Smallest = 3027 KN
= 1893.37 KN
Take moments at right support :
Take moments at right support : R x L = safe P x 0.6L
R x L = P x 0.6L R = 3027 x 0.6
1893.37 = P x 0.6 R = 1816 KN Ans.
P = 3156 KN Ans.
A base plate for a steel column supports an axial load of 1230 KN. The column section
has the following properties : Depth of beam = 306mm , fy = 250 Mpa
Flange width = 254 mm , fc’ = 20.7 Mpa

Assume a full area of concrete support. NSCP suggests that maximum moment in a
base plate occur at distance approximately 0.80bf and 0.95d apart. The bending
moment is calculated at each of these sections and the larger value used to determine
the plate thickness needed.
The allowable bending stress in a steel base plate is 0.75Fy and when the load is applied
to the full area of the concrete support, an allowable bearing pressure on the footing
equal to 0.35fc’ is to be used, where fc’ is the specified compressive strength of the
concrete. Should the base plate cover less than the full area of the supporting concrete,
the allowable bearing stress is to be determined by the following expression in which
A1 is the bearing area in mm2 and A2 is the entire supporting area of concrete in mm2:

Fp = 0.35 fc’ √ A2 / A1 , but not less than 0.7fc’

1. Which of the ff. gives the allowable bearing pressure on the concrete base.
2. Which of the ff. gives the dimensions of the base plate.
3. Which of the ff. gives the thickness of the base plate.