English

Tenses/Tensions
• Present
• Past
• Future
 PRESENT TENSE
Present simple tense
Present Continuous tense
Present Perfect tense
Present Perfect Continuous tense
 Simple Present Tense
• It is used to express an action in present time,
habitual or usual actions or daily event or
universal fact. It is used to express an action in
present time which is usually done on a
regular basis.
• For example a student says, “I go to school”. It is a
daily activity of a student to go to school, so such
actions are expressed by present simple tense.
• Another example is, “I work in a factory”. It tells
about a usual action of a person that he works in
a factory on regular basis.
 Sentence Structure
• 1st form of verb or base verb is used as main verb in
sentence.
• If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or
proper noun” then “s” or “es” is added to the first form
of verb or base form in the sentence.
• Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object
Simple
• I write a letter.
• He gets up early in the morning.
• Sun rises in East.
 Examples
Negative
• Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb (or base
form) + object
• If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or
proper noun”, then “Does not” is used after subject in
sentence. If subject is “I, we, they, you or plural” then
“Do not” is used after subject in sentence. “s” or “es” is
not added to main verb in negative sentence.
Example
• I do not write a letter.
He does not get up early in the morning.
Sun does not rise in east.
• Interrogative Sentence
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + Object
• Do/Does + Subject + 1st for of verb (or base
verb) + Object
• Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it,
singular or proper noun” the sentence is started
with Auxiliary verb “Does”. If the subject in a
sentence is “I, we, they, you or plural” the sentence
is started with auxiliary verb “Do”. “s” or “es” is not
added to main verb in Interrogative sentence
• Examples.
Do I write a letter?
Does he get up early in the morning?
Does sun rise in east?
• Interrogative Sentence
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb +
Object
• Do/Does + Subject + 1st form of verb (or
base verb) + Object
• Examples.
Do I write a letter?
Does he get up early in the morning?
Does sun rise in east?
 Make correction
• Positive Sentences
I sings a song.
He drink water.
They readed lessons
Birds chirped.
John reaching home in time.
Water maintaining its surface level.
• Negative Sentences
I does not sing a song
He do not drink water
They does not read lessons
Birds does not chirp
John doing not reach home in time.
Water did not maintain its surface level.
• Interrogative Sentences
Does I sing a song?
Do he drink water?
Do they read lessons?
Does birds chirp?
Do John reach home in time?
Do water maintain its surface level?
•
 Present Continuous Tense
• It expresses an action which is in progress at
the time of speaking.
• For example, a person says, “I am writing a
letter”. It means that he is in the process of
writing a letter right now.
• Such actions which are happening at time of
speaking are expressed by present continuous
tense. Present Continuous tense is also called
Present progressive tense.
 Structure
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb-ing (Present
participle) + object
• Subject + am/is/are + (1st form of verb or base verb +
ing) + object
• If the subject is “I” then auxiliary verb “am” is used
after subject in sentence.
If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name”
then auxiliary verb “is” is used after subject in
sentence.
If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb
“are” is used after subject in sentence.
• The participle “ing” is added to the 1st form of verb
i.e. going (go) writing (write)
 Examples
• I am playing cricket.

• He is driving a car

• They are reading their lessons.

 Negative Sentence

• Subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb-ing

(Present participle) + object
• Subject + am/is/are + not + (1st form of verb + ing) +
object
• Rules for using auxiliary verbs (am or is or are) after
subject in negative sentences are same as mentioned
above.
Examples.
I am not playing cricket.
He is not driving a car
They are not reading their lessons.
 Interrogative Sentences
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb-ing (Present participle)
+ object
• Am/is/are + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing)
+ object
• For making interrogative sentences, the sentence is started
with auxiliary verb rather than putting auxiliary verb inside
the sentence. If the subject is “I” the sentence starts
with auxiliary verb “am”.
• If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” the
sentence starts with auxiliary verb “is”. If subject is “You, They
or plural” the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “are”.
• Examples.
Am I playing cricket?
Is he driving a car?
Are they reading their lessons?
Convert Present Indefinite into Present
Continuous
• He eats an apple.
• Ali is riding a bicycle.
 Present Perfect Tense
• It is used to expressed an action which happened
or completed in past but usually the action which
happened or completed at a short time before
now (near past) not a very long time before now.
• Specific time such as two years ago, last week or
that day is usually not used in the sentences of in
this tense.
• It means that this tense expresses the action
whose time when it happened, is not exactly
specified but it sounds to refer to some
action that happened or completed in near past.
 Structure
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (past
participle) + Subject
Subject + has/have + 3rd form of verb or past
participle + subject
• If the subject is “He, She,
It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb
“has” is used after subject in sentence.
• If subject is “You, They or plural”
then auxiliary verb “have” is used after subject in
sentence.
 Examples
• I have eaten meal
• She has learnt a lesson
 Homework 3
• Convert present perfect tense into negative
and interrogative tenses.
 Present Perfect Continues
• It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that
started in past and is continued until now.
• There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for
three hours etc” from which the action has been started. A
sense of time reference is found in these sentences which
gives an idea that action has been continued from some
time in past till now. Such time reference or sense of
time reference is the identity of Present perfect
continuous tense because it tells that action has started
from a particular time in past.
• For example, “He has been reading in this school since
2005”, so the it means that he has started his education in
this school in 2005 and he is studying in this school till now.
 Structure

• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle)

+ Object + Time reference
• Subject + has been/have been + (1st form of verb or
base verb + ing) + object + time reference
If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name”
then auxiliary verb “has been” is used after subject in
sentence.
If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb
“have been” is used after subject in sentence.
 Examples
• He has been watering the plants for two
hours.
• I have been studying since 3 O’clock
 The Time of Reference
• If the time reference is exactly known such as
1995, 4 O’clock then “since” is used before the
time in sentence.
• If the time reference is not exactly known such as
three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is
used before the time in sentence.
• Time reference such as 3 hours or 5 days is not
exactly known because we don’t know that about
which three hours a day is told in sentence or
about which 5 days in a month is told in
sentence. While the 1995 is exactly known time.
 Homework 4
• Convert Present perfect continuous into
negatives and interrogative.
 Exercise 1/ Identify
• 1. Who will have come to my rescue?
• 2. The boy is learning his lessons.
• 3. Girls outnumber boys in this class.
• 4. What do you mean?
• 5. I don’t know where she lives.
• 6. Burglars broke into his shop yesterday.
• 7. I can no longer tolerate this injustice.
• 8. She has been waiting for his call since morning.
• 9. This time tomorrow I will be playing with my kids.
• 10. Somebody has let the cat in.
 Exercise 2/ Conversion in all
• The boy is learning his lessons.
• I write a letter.
• I have sung the song.
• I have been living there since 1991.
 Exercise 3
Mr. Lee …… a bus driver. Every day he (get up)……. at
7:00 a.m. and prepares for his day. He showers, eats
his breakfast, and (put on) …… his uniform. His wife
(drive) ……. him to the station where he checks in with
his supervisor. Then, he gets on Bus #405 and starts
the engine. He pulls out of the parking lot and begins
his route. At his first stop, he (pick up) ……. Mrs.
Miller, who lives in a red house on the corner of Main
Street and Seventh Avenue.
 Homework 5
• 1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) her kids to football practice.
2. Usually, I (work) as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study) French at a language
school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.
3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) .
4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) .
5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) .
6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) because everybody (talk) so loudly.
7. Justin (write, currently) a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good
publisher when he is finished.
8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) to a movie tonight with some friends.
9. The business cards (be, normally ) printed by a company in New York. Their prices
(be) inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.
10. This delicious chocolate (be) made by a small chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland.