Water Supply System :

Design Criteria, Guidelines and Standards

आषाढ १३-१७, २०७४
कवीन्द्र बिक्रम काकी
 Presentation Outlines:

Design Guidelines :
Water Resources Policy ??

Water Service Level Classification:

What Quantity of Water do we need ?
As defined in National Water Plan 2005
As defined in SDP 2017
Sanitation Service Level Classification: SDP 2017:
WS System Design Criteria & Standards
 Guidelines :
Design Guidelines- Community Based Gravity Flow RWS Schemes, 2002

Volume I: Procedural Guidelines

Volume II: Design Criteria

Volume III: Standard Drawings

Volume IV: Rate Analysis Norms

Volume V: Quantity Estimate with Schedule of Materials & Labour for

Standard Components

Volume VI: Water Quality and Simple Treatment Units

Volume VII: Formats for Project Documentation

 Sector Guideline Documents ….
Design Guidelines- Community Based Gravity Flow RWS Schemes, 2002…
Volume VIII: Operation and Maintenance Manual : Policy & Procedures

Volume IX: Operation and Maintenance Manual : Reference Manual

Volume X: General Specifications

Volume XI: Guidelines for Tubewell Program

(a) Community Based Shallow Tubewell

(b) Pumps

Volume XII: Pipe Fittings Requirements and Details

 Sanitation Service Level Classification: SDP 2017
Service Accessibility Type of Facilities/ Use Reliability Environmental
Level Interface Protection
Each family has at least Platform with Facilities used Routine O&M (including pit emptying) Non problematic
one toilet in compound; Impermeable slab by all service requiring minimal effort; environmental
Easy access for all separating faeces household impact;
Evidence of care and cleaning of toilet
family dwellings from users members Safe disposal
Improved (prefarably reuse
Service Each public place and CGD friendly Facilities Routine O&M service requiring minimal of safe by-
institution has adequate available for effort; products)
number of toilets; use by all Evidence of care and cleaning of toilet;
Comfortable access for (Linkage with other business opportuni-
all users ties for sust. O&M of public toilets)
Each family has a toilet Platform with Facilities used Evidence of care and cleaning of toilet, Non-problematic
Basic in the yard; Impermeable slab by some HH Unreliable O&M (incl. pit emptying). environmental
Service Limited access for family separating faeces members impact;
dwellings from users Safe disposal

Shared Toilet; Platform without No or No O&M (e.g. pit emptying) taking place Envir. pollution
Limited Toilet at distance more impermeable slab insufficient and no evidence of cleaning or care for increasing with
Service than 10m; separating faeces use the toilet increased
Seasonal access from users population density

- No separation No or No O&M (e.g. pit emptying) taking place Significant env.

No between user and insufficient use and no evidence of cleaning or care for pollution increasing
Service faeces (i.e. OD) the toilet with increased pop
 What Quantity of Water do we need ?
SDP (Draft 2017) recommends the following figures for Lifeline and Basic
water requirements while classifying the water supply service level:
Lifeline water requirements for human Recommended basic water requirements
needs (per person per day) for human needs (per person per day)
Activity Minimum, Range/day Activity Minimum, Range/day
litres/day litres/day
Drinking Water 3 2–3 Drinking Water 5 2–5
Sanitation Services 10 5–15 Sanitation Services 25 20–75
Bathing 5 3–10 Bathing 20 5–70
Cooking and Kitchen 7 4–10 Cooking and Kitchen 15 10–50
Total 25 Total 65

Afghanistan Basic Standard = 15 LPCD !

 Water Service Level Classification: National Water Plan 2005
Water service level is classified as:
 Basic,
 Medium and
 higher

Service Indicators
level Quantity Quality Access Continuity Reliable
LPCD Hrs/day Month/yr

High 112-150 WHO Fully plumbed 24 12

Medium 60 NDWQ Yard 10 12

connected
Basic 25-45 potable 20 min walk 4 12
7
 खानेपानी
Water Service सेवास्तरको
Level वबगिकरण SDP 2017
Classification:
Service Level
Parameters Substandard Basic Medium High
Quantity 25 - 45 45 - 65 65 - 100 100 - 150
(Lpcd)
Needs Hygiene not possible (unless handwashing and basic food all basic personal and food all hygiene needs met
practiced at source) hygiene possible; hygiene assured; laundry and
laundry/bathing difficult to bathing also assured
assure
Quality Potable Meets NDWQS (Rural) Meets NDWQS Meets NDWQS
Accessibility Less than 25%
More than 25% consumers 100% consumers having private 100% consumers having
consumers having
having private connection connection private connection
private connection
Duration of 8 (hrs/day) 12 (hrs/day) 24 (hrs/day)
supply (Peak hour) (day hours) (Round the day)
Reliability
Continuity < or = 1 interruption event in < or = 1 interruption event in < or = 1 interruption event
one month two month in three month
Resiliency Service restored in 2 days Service restored in 1 day Service restored in 1 day
Service Robustness - System can withstand 10% of System can withstand 10%
additional sudden demand additional sudden demand
without compromising its without compromising its
service standards service standards
Service Satisfaction Level 75% 90%
(Annual Survey)
 Institutional Water Demand

Type of Institutions Demand

School 10 l / student, dayscholar

45 l/ student, hostel dweller
Health post 1000 l per day if no sanitary facility

3000 l per day if sanitation facility exist

Health Center 500 l / bed

9
 WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN
Hours % of Daily Demand

5.00 – 7.00 25

7.00 – 12.00 35

200 - 17.00 20

17.00 - 19.00 20

19.00 - 5.00 Negligible

 Design Criteria : Summary
Parameters Features
Scheme design 20 years if annual population growth rate is <2%
period 15 years if annual population growth rate = or > 2%
Population Growth For district,
Rate, % For city, town, settlement – as per census 2068
Water requirement 45 litre per capita per day (lpcd), rural, public connections
for domestic purpose 65 lpcd, rural, private connections
80 lpcd peri urban, private connections
100 lpcd, urban and cities, private connection
 Design Criteria : Summary
Parameters Features
Water requirement in 10 lpcd, day scholars
institutions 45 lpcd, hostel students
1000 litre per day, OPD health facilities without sanitary
facilities
3000 litre per day, health facilities with sanitary facilities
500 litre per bed per day, health facilities with beds
Max. velocity in HDP 3.0 m/s absolute maximum (convenience to user, water
pipes meter functioning etc.)
0.3 m/s absolute minimum (non-silting, min. discharge)
Residual heads CC/IC/RVT/Tap: 5-15 m (min and max.), as in velocity!
Pipes: as desired by pipe series
 Design Criteria : Summary
Service levels Standards
Quantity  45 lpcd in rural schemes, but in no case less than 25 lpcd;
 80 lpcd in small towns/peri-urban
 80 to 100 lpcd in towns/cities
Accessibility  The horizontal and vertical distance not more than 150m and
50 m respectively.
 Fetching time for a round trip less than 15 minutes (going,
waiting, filling and returning)
Reliability  No significant seasonal variation in supply round the year
Quality  According to the Nepal drinking water quality standards
Basic service level and QARQ
As per the rural WSS national policy 2004, the basic service level is defined by minimum standards of
quantity, accessibility, reliability, quality (QARQ) of the schemes as follows:
For designing any water supply schemes, the above basic service level can be considered beforehand.
 WS System Design Criteria & Standards
Population :
Present Population
Annual Population Growth Rate
Population Forecast: Geometric growth method
Design Period (15 – 20 Yrs):
Pipe friction factors: See DWSS Design Guidelines Vol (2 )
 WS System Design Criteria & Standards
Tap Stand Flow Rates (recommended):
Q (lps)* = (presnt pop. x growth rate factor x 45 lpd x pf)/ 86400 s/d
Minimum (adjusted) tap stand flow rate = 0.10 Lps
Maximum (adjusted) tap stand flow rate = 0.25 Lps
Minimum CDFAdjusted = 0.05 Lps
Different Factors adopted in Design:
District Pop Growth Rate: See National Population Census 2068 BS
Peak Factor for water demand calculation = 3 (8 hrs out of 24)
Safety Factor for pipeline surveys = 10% length added in pipe length
 WS System Design Criteria & Standards

Ranges of Flow Velocities and Pressure Heads:

Min Flow Velocity in pipelines = 0.30 m/s (NA for distrib Lines, why?)
Maximum Flow Velocity in pipelines = 3.0 m/s,
Minimum Pressure Head required in any outlet point in pipelines = 10 m
Maximum Pressure Head allowed in any outlet point in pipelines = 60 m
Maximum Pressure Head allowed in any other point in pipelines = ???
 Design Criteria & Standards : Flow Velocity
• While sizing the pipe dia, min. and max. flow velocities in the
selected pipe should also be considered.
• Minimum velocity in the pipe line should be fixed to wash
sediment particles which should not be allowed to settle at any
point. The velocity must be sufficient to move sediment along
with water.
• To destroy excess head, small sized pipes are used, which
however, increase the flow velocity.
• At velocities greater than 3 m/s air and water tend to mix
affecting flow and the head loss.
• Also, at high velocities when the faucets are suddenly closed
the phenomenon of water hammer may also occur
 Design Criteria & Standards : Minimum Flow Velocity
Transmission mains from stream intake to storage tank need special
attention. This is because river water may bring with it sediment
particles that enter the supply line.

If no sedimentation tank is provided, the minimum flow velocity shall

be:
- in down hill stretches = 0.8 m/s
- in up hill stretches = 1.0 m/s
If a sedimentation tank is provided on transmission main from
stream intakes and for transmission main for spring intake the
minimum flow velocity can be reduced to :
- in down hill stretches = 0.4 m/s
- in up hill stretches = 0.5 m/s
 Design Criteria & Standards : Max Flow Velocity
When a valve is instantly closed, the maximum velocities in the
pipes, that may allow water hammer pressure within the
permissible limit of the pipe are theoretically obtained as :
- on HDP pipes class 6 kg/cm2 : v = 2.3 m/s
- on HDP pipe class 10 kg/cm2: v = 2.8 m/s
A balance, thereof must be struck between destroying excess
head and the danger of creating a flow condition where high
pressures due to water hammer can easily develop. Hence,
maximum velocity in pipelines should be restricted to:
- Desirable = 2.5 m/s
- Exceptional = 3.0 m/s
 Design Criteria & Standards : Static Head

• The static head in a pipeline refers to the difference in elevation

between a point considered in the supply line and the open
higher end of that pipeline where the water is exposed to
atmospheric pressure. Static head occurs in the pipeline when a
pipe flowing full is closed and the flow velocity becomes zero.

• The choice of pipe for a particular situation is defined by

availability, resistivity to corrosion and mechanical damage, and
pressure limit. The ease with which pipes can be transported
and joined also influences its selection.
 Design Criteria & Standards : Transmission Main

The static pressure in the transmission main should be as follows :

- for HDP pipes pressure class 10 kg/cm2 not exceeding 100 m

- for GI pipes pressure class conforming to BS 1387 medium
grade not exceeding 160 m

The maximum pressure for G.I. pipes shall not exceed 16

kg/cm2 since most valves and fittings are rated for this pressure.

If the static pressure exceeds 16 kg/cm2, the pipes should be

welded together to minimize leakage and special type of fittings
should be use
 Design Criteria & Standards : Distribution Line
In a distribution system, the flow changes continuously due to the opening and
closing of faucets. These changes may create high-pressure waves due to water
hammer.
The water hammer effect can be minimized by considering appropriate velocity of
flow and by installing brass taps (slow closing faucets) and valves. However, the
continuous change of pressure in a pipe system cannot be avoided. The greater the
pressure variations are, the quicker are damages to the pipe material and
associated fittings.
Faucets can be affected if velocity changes are frequent. Self-closing faucets with
almost instantaneous closure mechanisms such as the Jayson Taps should not be
used in distribution mains where pressure is high.
The max. pressure in the distribution main should not exceed a maximum static
pressure 60 m even if pipe material with a permissible working pressure of 10
kg/m2 is used. .
 Design Criteria & Standards : Residual Head
The dynamic head remaining at the end of a pipe section is referred to as residual
head (RH). The RH at a Tap, BPC or RT is required to account for :
- Appurtenance head loss, caused by the design flow rate passing through it.
- Pipe installation loss, caused when the design flow rate passes through the
pipe within the standpost structure. .
- Safety head, to provide safety against survey inaccuracies.

For public tap, following Residual head has been recommended.

If the RH exceeds the specified values at the standpost, the excess head over the
minimum required should be controlled by installation of a ferrule at the main line
or an orifice near the standpost or a flow regulating key at the Tap.
Structure Residual Head (m)
Standpost
ideal 5-10
acceptable up to 15
BPCs and Storage Tanks 10-15
 WS System Design Criteria & Standards
Standards to be referred (DWSS Guidelines):
All materials, workmanship and components shall, where applicable and unless otherwise stated in
the Contract, comply with either:

Nepal Standard NS : 40 - 2042 published by Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology :

Indian Standards IS : 4984 - 1995 published by Bureau of Indian Standards;

British Standards BS 3284, 1387 : 1976 published by British Standards Institution (BS).
 WS System Design Criteria & Standards
Nepal Standard for civil & Sanitary Engineering
Ns 1 -2035 Ordinary Brick
Ns 40 -2040 High Density Polythene Pipe
Ns 49 -2041 Ordinary Portland Cement
Ns 74 -2041 Treated Water for industrial use
Ns 76 -2041 Flooring Tiles
Ns 80 -2042 Hume Pipes
Ns 84 -2042 Mild steel rod
Ns 104-2042 C.I.Manhole cover frame
Ns 119-2042 Hollow concrete block
Ns 141-2043 Corrugated GI sheets
Ns 149-2044 Gunmetals Gate valves
Ns 161-2045 Plastic emulsion paints, interior use/exterior use
Ns 163-2045 Zinc coatings in wires
Ns 168-2045 Zinc coated barbed wires
Ns 169-2045 Mild steel wire
Ns 199-2046 Zinc coated mild pipe for water supply
Ns 206-2046 PVC Pipes for water Supply
Ns 222-2047 Sampling and testing method of sewage effluents
Ns 223-2047 Testing methods of water part 4 microbiological test

Ns 229-2047 limit of industrial effluent for disposal into surface water

 WS System Design Criteria & Standards
Nepal Standard for civil & Sanitary Engineering
Ns 246-2048 Vertically C.I.Pipes
Ns 254-2048 C.I Pipes
Ns 262-2048 Water Quality Terminology(Vocabulary) Part 1, 2
Ns 297-2050 Gravel aggregates
Ns 338-2051 Shallow tube wells hand pumps
Ns 361-2053 Furrule for water services
Ns 362-2053 Bib taps and stop valves
Ns 382-2054 Copper alloys globe and check valves
Ns 383-2054 C.I Pipe fittings
Ns 384-2054 Portland slag cements
Ns 385-2054 Portland puzzolona cement
Ns 389-2054 Methods of measurment of civil works Part 1 to 11
Ns 402-2054 Injection moulded HDP fittings
Ns 415-2056 Testing methods of fresh concrete
Ns 428-2058 Water meter (Domestic)