8th edition

Individual Behavior and

Steven P. Robbins
Mary Coulter

Learning
in Organisation
LEARNING OUTLINE
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.

Why Look at Individual Behavior?

• Describe the focus and the goals of
organizational behavior.
• Explain why the concept of an organization as
an iceberg is important to understanding
organizational behavior.
• Define the five important employee behaviors
that managers want to explain, predict, and
influence.

14–2
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Learning
• Explain how operant conditioning helps
managers understand, predict, and influence
behavior.
• Describe the implications of social learning
theory for managing people at work.
• Discuss how managers can shape behavior.

14–3
Basic Physical Abilities

Strength Other Flexibility

Factors Factors Factors

14–4
 FAKTOR FAKTOR FAKTOR LAINNYA
KEKUATAN FLEKSIBILITAS

Kekuatan dinamis Fleksibiltas luas Koordinasi tubuh

Kekuatan tubuh Fleksibilitas dinamis Keseimbangan

Kekuatan statis Stamina

Kekuatan eksplosif

14–5
Intellectual Abilities

• Number aptitude/skill/ability/talent
• Verbal comprehension
• Perceptual speed
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Spatial visualization
• Memory ability

14–6
The Ability-Job Fit

• Abilities of the
employee
• Requirements of the
job

14–7
Personality

 The unique combination of

psychological characteristics
(measurable traits) that affect how a person
reacts and interacts with others.
 consists of the stable psychological traits and behavioral
attributes that give a person his or her identity/ that
distinguish one person from another.

14–8
Important Employee Behaviors
• Employee Productivity
 A performance measure of both efficiency and
effectiveness
• Absenteeism
 The failure to report to work when expected
• Turnover
 The voluntary and involuntary
permanent withdrawal from
an organization

14–9
Important Employee Behaviors
• Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
 Discretionary behavior that is not a part of an
employee’s formal job requirements, but which
promotes the effective functioning of the organization.
• Job Satisfaction
 The individual’s general attitude
toward his or her job

14–10
Organizational Behavior Defined
Organizational Behavior (OB) is dedicated
to a better understanding and management of
people at work
Behavior represented by actions and judgments
The actions of people at work

Focuses on two areas:

Individual Behavior
Attitudes, personality, perception, learning,
and motivation
Group Behavior
• Norms, roles, team
building, leadership,
and conflict
Goals of OB
To explain, predict and influence behavior.
14–11
The Organization as an Iceberg

Exhibit 14.1
14–12
What Is the Nature of Individual
Differences?
• Individual differences are
personal attributes that
vary from one person to
another.
• What are individual
differences?
 Physical.
 Psychological.
 Emotional.

14–13
Biographical
Characteristics

Age

14–14
Biographical
Characteristics

Gender

14–15
Biographical
Characteristics

Race

14–16
Biographical
Characteristics

Tenure

14–17
Distortions in Perception

1. Selective Perception is the tendency to filter out

information that is discomforting, that seems irrelevant, or that
contradicts one’s beliefs
2. Stereotyping the tendency to attribute to an individual the
characteristics one believes are typical of the groups to which
that individual belongs
3. The Halo Effect form an impression of an individual
based on a single trait
 Assumed Similarity
1. :Assuming that others are more like us than they actually are

14–18
 PEMBELAJARAN
• Setiap perubahan perilaku yang relatif
permanen, terjadi sebagai hasil dari
pengalaman

14–19
TEORI PEMBELAJARAN
• 1. Pengondisian Klasik
• Jenis pengondisian dimana individu merespon beberapa
stimulus yang tidak biasa dan menghasilkan respon baru

• 2. Pengondisian Operant
• Jenis pengondisian dimana perilaku sukarela yang
diharapkan menghasilkan penghargaan atau mencegah
sebuah hukuman

• 3. Pembelajaran Sosial
• Pandangan bahwa orang-orang dapat belajar melalui
pengamatan dan pengalaman langsung
14–20
 Classical
Classical
Conditioning
Conditioning
 Operant
Operant
Conditioning
Conditioning
Social
Social Learning
Learning Theory
Theory
Learn by observing others and through direct experiences

Models have influence when the following processes occur:

Attentional Recognize

Retention Remember
Motor Do
Reproduction
Reinforcement Get rewarded
 SHAPING BEHAVIOR
(PEMBENTUKAN PERILAKU)

• Secara sistematis menegaskan setiap urutan

langkah yang menggerakkan seorang individu
lebih dekat kepada respons yang diharapkan

14–26
 Positive Negative
Reinforcement Reinforcement

Methods of
Shaping Behavior

Punishment Extinction
Types of Reinforcement
Continuous Intermittent

Reinforces desired Reinforces desired

behavior every time behavior often
enough to make
behavior worth
repeating
Schedules of Reinforcement
Interval Ratio
Fixed

Fixed- Fixed-
Interval Ratio
Variable

Variable- Variable-
Interval Ratio
 JADWAL PENEGASAN
JADWAL SIFAT PENGARUH CONTOH
Berkesinambungan Penghargaan Pembelajaran secara Pujian
diberikan setelah cepat thdp perilaku yg
perilaku yg diharapkan baru tetapi lenyap
dengan cepat

Interval tetap Penghargaan Kinerja rata-rata dan Bayaran mingguan

diberikan pada interval tidak teratur, dan
waktu yang tetap lenyap dg cepat

Interval variabel Penghargaan Kinerja yg cukup tinggi Kuis dadakan

diberikan pada interval dan stabil didapat dg
waktu yang variabel cepat tapi juga lenyap
dg cepat

Rasio tetap Penghargaan Kinerja sangat tinggi Bayaran tarif per buah
diberikan pada jumlah dan lenyap dengan
hasil secara tetap lambat

Rasio variabel Penghargaan Komisi berdasarkan

diberikan pada jumlah penjualan
hasil yang variabel
14–30
 Behavior Modification

• Critical behaviors

• Baseline data

• Behavioral consequences

• Intervention strategy

• Performance improvement
 Organizational
Applications
• Lotteries to reduce absenteeism
• Well pay versus sick pay
• Training programs
• Mentoring programs
TERIMA KASIH
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