DC-AC CONVERSION

PREPARED BY DR THEN YI LUNG

28 SEPTEMBER 2018
MAIN TASK-ENERGY CONVERSION

• Electric energy is provided as a DC- or AC- voltage. Power electronic is the

tool to transform these forms of energy according to the application’s needs:

DC AC Inverter
Rectifier
DC-DC converter
AC-AC chopper

AC DC
AC/DC CONVERSION: SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER

• A simple DC-conversion only needs diodes

• Using a static rectifier allows to convert AC to DC.
A DC-voltage is defined as a voltage that may vary in value but not change its
sign. The most basic rectifier is often referred to as Graetz- Rectifier named
according to its inventor.
THREE PHASE RECTIFIER

• Extending the single phase rectifier allows to work on three-phased systems as

well:
BASICS IN DC-AC CONVERSION

• In a real load, there are four different combinations of voltage and current
due to the phase shift.
• So how to do using power electronics?
By switching properly
BASICS IN DC-AC CONVERSION

Voltage Current Switching state

Uload>0 Iload>0 1
Iload<0 2
Uload<0 Iload>0 3
Iload<0 4
SWITCHING STATES 1

• Positive voltage across the load driving a positive current:

SWITCHING STATES 2

• Positive voltage across the load while the load drives a negative current:
SWITCHING STATE 3

• Negative voltage across the load while the load drives a positive current:
SWITCHING STATE 4

• Negative voltage across the laod driving a negative current:

SWITCHING STATES – ZERO VOLTS

• It is important to have the option to generate Uload=0:

• The two drawings show two options to provide a current path at a voltage of 0V. The
switching state is called Zero-Vector.
SOME SPECIAL TERM

• Modulation Index is the ratio between the amplitude of the modulated voltage and
the DC voltage used.
• Cos (Ø) is the ratio between active power and apparent power
• Motor operation is operation at 0 < Cos (Ø) < 1
• Generative operation is operation at -1 < Cos (Ø) < 0
• Diference between efficiency and power factor
Efficiency; n = Pout/Pin <1
Power factor; Cos (Ø) =active power/apparent power
TASK 1: SHAPING THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
FORM
• Most applications demand a certain current wave form eg. Sine-forms in drive
applications.
• Using a saw tooth or triangle to sine comparison, proper switching signals can
be generated.
TASK 1: SHAPING THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
FORM
• The inductive part of the load smoothens the current that is built from
piecewise linear functions:
CIRCUIT A
CIRCUIT B

• Positive voltage across the load while the load drives a negative current:
CIRCUIT C

• Negative voltage across the load while the load drives a positive current:
CIRCUIT D

• Negative voltage across the laod driving a negative current:

ASSIGN THE CONDITIONS A TO D

A B

D C
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
PREPARED BY DR THEN YI LUNG
4 OCTOBER 2018
3 PHASE DIODE RECTIFIER
REDRAW THE CIRCUIT
3 PHASE DIODE RECTIFIER OPERATION
D1,D2 on
D1,D6 on
D5,D6 on
D5,D4 on
D3,D4 on
D3,D2 on
DC-DC SWITCH MODE
CONVERTERS
PREPARED BY DR THEN YI LUNG
4 OCTOBER 2018
DC-DC CONVERTERS
CONTROL OF DC-DC CONVERTERS

• Output voltage has to be kept constant even though input voltage and output
load may fluctuate
• Controlled by switch on and off durations
STEP-DOWN (BUCK CONVERTER)

• Features of basic circuit:

• Switch stress when load is inductive
• Fluctuating output voltage
STEP-DOWN (BUCK CONVERTER)
• Features of basic circuit:
• Switch stress when load is inductive --- diode
• Fluctuating output voltage --- filter used
CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE
CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER
PREPARED BY DR THEN YI LUNG
5 OCTOBER 2018
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED

• The average output voltage,

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = 1 + cos 𝛼
𝜋
𝐼𝑜 = The average output current
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
• Fundamental component of the input current (rms),
2 2 𝛼
𝐼 cos
𝜋 𝑜 2
SINGLE PHASE FULL CONTROLLED

• The average output voltage,

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = cos 𝛼
𝜋
• Fundamental component of the input current (rms),
2 2
𝐼𝑜
𝜋
3 PHASE HALF CONTROLLED

• The average output voltage,

3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = 1 + cos 𝛼
2𝜋
3 PHASE FULL CONTROLLED

• The average output voltage,

3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = cos 𝛼
𝜋
QUESTION 1

• A single-phase full wave bridge half controlled converter is connected to a 20

ohm resistance load. Estimate the average load voltage and average load
current for a triggering angle of 30 degree if the supply rms voltage is 230V
at 50Hz. Also find average value of thyristor current.
• 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝜋𝑚 1 + cos 𝛼

• 193.2 V
• 𝐼𝑜 =9.66A
• Average value of thyristor current = 9.66/2 = 4.83A
QUESTION 2

• A single phase fully controlled thyristor converter is connected to a load

comprising 2 ohm resistance and 0.3 H inductance. The supply voltage is
230V at 50Hz. Estimate the average load voltage, average load current, and
the input power factor for a triggering angle of 30 degree.
• The average output voltage, 𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑉𝜋𝑚 cos 𝛼 = 179.3V
• Average load current = 89.65A
2 2
• Fundamental component of the input current (rms), 𝜋 𝑜
𝐼 = 80.71A

• Power factor = active power / apparent power = Vo/Vs = 0.7795

QUESTION 3

• A single phase half controlled thyristor converter is connected to a load

consisting of a 5 ohm resistance, 1H inductance, and 10V emf. Compute the
average load voltage and average load current assuming continuous current
operation for a triggering angle of 45 degree. Estimate the input power
factor if the load current can be assumed to be constant. The supply voltage is
230V, 50Hz.
• 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝜋𝑚 1 + cos 𝛼

• 176.6V
• 𝐼𝑜 =(176.6 – 10 ) / 5 = 33.32A
𝐼𝑜 2 𝑅+𝐸𝐼𝑜
• Input power factor = 𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠
= 0.7678
QUESTION 4 (CLASS ASSIGNMENT)

• A three phase fully controlled thyristor bridge converter is connected to a

highly inductive load with a resistance of 20 ohm. The supply voltage is 400V,
50Hz. Determine the average load voltage and average load current for a
trigger angle of 30 degree.

467.734V, 23.386A
QUESTION 5

• A three phase fully controlled bridge is connected to a highly inductive load

with a resistance of 60 ohm. Determine the average load voltage, average
load current, and input power factor for a trigger angle of 30 degree. The
input supply voltage is 400V, 3 phase.

467.734V, 7.8A, 0.6755

DC-DC CONVERTERS QUESTIONS
PREPARED BY DR THEN YI LUNG
5 OCTOBER 2018
QUESTION 1

• A single quadrant dc chopper has a resistive load of 10 ohm and an input

voltage of 230V. The chopping frequency is 1kHz and on time is 0.4ms.
Determine the average load current and power delivered to the load.
• Average load voltage, Vo = D Vs
• 230 x 0.4 = 92V
• I = 92/10 = 9.2A
• P= Vrms x Vrms / R = Vs ( 0.4 x 230 )2 /10 = 2.115kW
QUESTION 2

• A dc chopper is connected to an inductive load with a resistance of 5 ohm and

an input voltage of 300V. The on time and off time of the chopper are 20 ms
and 10 ms, respectively. Estimate the duty ratio, chopping frequency, average
load voltage, and average load current.

0.667, 33.33Hz, 200.1V, 40.02A