Reinforced Concrete

Design
Introduction of Subject
Objectives and expectations
What is the expected outcome?

At the end of this semester………..

 Students attending the class would be
able to appreciate and practice the
design of reinforced concrete
elements that include slabs, beams,
columns and foundation in compliance
with the EUROCODE 2.
Learning Outcome
At the end of this course the
student shall be able to:
1. Explain principles of reinforced
concrete mechanics distinguish
different structural members.
2. Compute load distribution and load
flow path in different members
3. Explain the main characteristics of
concrete as a structural material
Learning Outcome

4. Design and detail RC members

subjected to complex loading includes:
a. Design of RC beams (flexure and shear)
b. Design of one-way and two-way slabs
systems.
c. Design of RC columns under combined
axial and bending.
d. Design of RC foundation (Pad footing)
e. Prepare steel reinforcement details.
Course outline

 Chapter-1 Fundamentals of RC Design

 Chapter-2 Structural load taking
 Chapter-3 Analysis and design of beams
 Chapter-4 Analysis and design of slabs
 Chapter-5 RC column design
 Chapter-6 Shallow foundations
Assessment

 Coursework 50%
 Design Project 20%
 Tests 30%

 Final Exam 50%

Books and References

 Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements to

Eurocode 2. Bashar S. Mohammed
 Reinforced concrete design to Eurocode 2 by W.
H. Mosley, J. H. Bungey and R. Hulse
 Eurocode 2
 Lecture notes and handouts
Chapter-1

Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete

Design
Chapter-1:
Reinforced Concrete Introduction

 This chapter includes the:

 Review of concrete as structural material
 Reinforced concrete mechanics, principles and
aims of design.
 Codes, specifications and approaches i.e. limit
state design
 Building configuration, types of loading and
load flow pattern/path and load
calculation/distribution on each element.
Chapter-1:
Reinforced Concrete Introduction

 The learning outcome of this chapter

is that the students:
 Should be able to explain the principles
of reinforced concrete mechanics
including the concept of durability
Reinforced Concrete Introduction

Reinforced concrete is a composite material

made up of concrete and steel.

The steel bars are embedded

in rectangular shaped concrete
building frame
SCOPE OF “RC” STRUCTURE
(BASIC ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE)
What is a Building Structure?

 Typically a building structure is

composed of the following elements:
 Slabs
 Beams
 Columns
 The principal materials of construction
are:
 Concrete
 Steel
 Beam

Slab

Column
Basic Configuration of RC Structure
Why steel bars are embedded
in concrete?

It is the fundamental question; the

answer may be well understood after
reviewing the basics of:

Solid mechanics
Concrete Technology
Behaviour of a beam in general
regardless of any material
Effects of Bending Moment
Behaviour of a beam in general
regardless of any material
Behaviour of a beam in general
regardless of any material

Key Points:
1. Neutral surface – no change in length.
2. All cross-sections remain plane and
perpendicular to longitudinal axis.
3. Neglect deformation of cross-section
within its own plane.
Behaviour of a beam in general
regardless of any material
The Flexure Formula:
Internal bending
moment, N-mm
Max bending
stress, N/mm2 Distance from NA to
Mc
 max 
outer fiber, mm

I Moment of inertia, mm4

My
Or in General 
I
Behaviour of a beam

If the beam is made of concrete, three basic

stages undergo before collapse:
1. Un-cracked Concrete stage
2. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) - Elastic
Stage
3. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) - Ultimate
Strength Stage
BEAM FAILURE MECHANISM FROM THE
KNOWLEDGE OF “SOLID MECHANICS” AND
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
Bending of Plain Concrete Beam
(A middle section)
Review from Concrete Technology

 Plain concrete beams are not practical because

as soon as a crack is formed, the entire beam
splits into two parts causing immediate and
sudden structural failure.
 The basic mechanics problem is that concrete
is very weak under tension stresses.
 Compression

Tension
Manipulated Image visualization for flexural failure.
(Digital image from Northridge Collection, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of
California, Berkeley)
Point to Remember

 To increase both the strength and the

safety of concrete beams, steel bars are
embedded at the location of tension
stresses.
 The figures on next slides illustrate how
the stresses in the beam change as the
moment load is increased.
Lesson from Concrete Technology
Concrete in compression 1

fc C
b

c M

1 Reinforcing Steel in tension

Neglect concrete in tension
 Shear in Beam

Vertical sliding or
transverse shear

Applied Load

Support Support
 Shear in Beam

Load, P

Support Support

Horizontal sliding or
in-plane shear
Shear in Beam
Shear in Beam
Comparison of properties of
concrete and steel
What is the aim of Reinforced
Concrete design?
 The aim of the reinforced concrete design
is to combine the steel bars with the
concrete in such a manner that sufficient of
the relatively expensive steel bars is
incorporated to resist the tensile and
shear forces which may exist, whilst
utilizing the comparatively inexpensive
concrete to resist the compressive
forces.
Aim of Reinforced Concrete design

 To achieve this aim, the designer needs to

determine:
 not only the amount of steel reinforcement to
be used,
 but how it is to be distributed and where it is to
be positioned.
An example of steel placement for
slab