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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics – II ( Practical )

Topic:
Energy in open channels, Specific Energy, Critical flow ( subcritical, supercritical ), Hydraulic
jump, its applications and procedure to determine its characteristics. Uses and working of orifice
meter, venturi meter, rotameter and pitot tube, explain hydraulic coefficients

Group#05 – Topic#02
ROLL NUMBERS: F16CE66 – F16CE74 – F16CE102
Subcritical occurs when the actual water depth is greater than critical
depth. Subcritical flow is dominated by gravitational forces and behaves
in a slow or stable way. It is defined as having a Froude number less
than one.
Supercritical flow is dominated by inertial forces and behaves as rapid or unstable
flow. Supercritical flow transitions to subcritical through a hydraulic jump which
represents a high energy loss with erosive potential. When the actual depth is less
than critical depth it is classified as supercritical. Supercritical flow has a Froude
number greater than one.

Critical flow is the transition or control flow that possesses the minimum possible
energy for that flowrate. Critical flow has a Froude number equal to one.
Hydraulic Jump:
In an open channel when rapidly flowing stream
abruptly changes to slowly flowing stream, a distinct rise or jump
in the elevation of liquid surface takes place , this phenomenon is
known as hydraulic jump (which is analogous to shock wave in
compressible fluids.)
The hydraulic jump converts kinetic energy of stream rapidly
flowing into potential energy. Due to this there is a loss of kinetic
energy. A hydraulic jump occurs in practice where at the toe of
spillways or below a sluice gate where the velocity is very high.It
is also called standing wave.
Uses and working of orifice meter:
An orifice meter is used to
measure the discharge in a pipe. An orifice meter, in its
simplest form, consists of a plate having a sharp edged
circular hole known as an orifice.
Applications of Orifice meter:
Natural Gas
Water Treatment Plants
Oil Filtration Plants
Petrochemicals and Refineries
Uses and working of Venturi meter:
A venturi meter is an
apparatus for finding out the discharge of a liquid flowing
in a pipe. A venturi meter in its simplest form consists of the
following three parts:
a)Convergent cone b) Divergent cone c)Throat

Applications of Orifice meter:

Water Treatment Plants
Oil Filtration Plants
Petrochemicals and Refineries
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Rotameter:
The rotameter is an industrial flow meter used
to measure the flowrate of liquids and gases.
The rotameter consists of a tube and float.
Pitot tube:
A pitot tube is an instrument to determine the velocity of flow at
the required point in a pipe or stream. In its simplest form a pitot tube
consists of a glass tube bent a through 90 degree.
Coefficient of Contraction

The ratio of Area of the Jet at Vena Contract, to the Area of the Orifice, is known as
“Coefficient of Contraction”.
Its value will vary slightly with the available Head of the liquid, size and shape of the Orifice.
An Average Value of Coefficient of Contraction is 0.64

Coefficient of Velocity

The ratio of Actual Velocity of Jet at Vena Contract, to the Theoretical Velocity, is known as
“Coefficient of Velocity”.
The difference occurs between the Velocities due to Friction of the Orifice.
For the Sharp Edge Orifice, the Value of Coefficient of Velocity increases with the Head of
Water.
Coefficient of Discharge

The ratio of an Actual Discharge through an Orifice to the Theoretical Discharge is known as
“Coefficient of Discharge”.
The Value of Coefficient of Discharge varies with the Value of Coefficient of Contraction and
Coefficient of Velocity.
An average is about 0.62

Coefficient of Resistance

The ratio of Loss of Head in the Orifice to the Head of water available at the exit of the Orifice is
known as “Coefficient of Resistance”.
The Coefficient of Resistance generally neglected, while solving numerical problems.
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