CEMENT

MUHAMMAD RIZWAN
MSCE01173009
 CEMENT
• The word "cement" can be traced back to the
Roman term “opus cementicium” used to
describe masonry
resembling modern concrete that was made
from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder
 CEMENT

A cement is a binder , a substance used for

construction that sets, hardens and adheres to
other materials , binding them together. Cement is
seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand
and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement is used
with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry,
or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce
concrete.
 PORTLAND CEMENT
In 1824, Joseph Aspdin a bricklayer and mason Leeds, England,
took out a patent on a hydraulic cement that he called Portland
Cement because its color resembled the stone quarried on the Isle
of Portland off the British coast
 PORTLAND CEMENT
ASTM C150 defines Portland cement as
‘Hydraulic cement (cement that not only
hardens by reacting with water but also forms
a water-resistant product) produced by
pulverizing clinkers which consist essentially
of hydraulic calcium silicates, usually
containing one or more of the forms of calcium
sulphate as an inter ground addition.
 PORTLAND CEMENT
Portland cement is the most common type of
cement in general use around the world as a
basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and non-
specialty grout. It was developed from other
types of hydraulic lime in England in the mid
19th century, and usually originates from
limestone. It is a fine powder, produced by
heating limestone and clay minerals in a kiln to
form clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding 2
to 3 percent of gypsum.
CONSTITUENTS OF PORTLANT
CEMENT
There are eight major ingredients of cement. The general percentage
of these ingredients in cement is given below:

Ingredient Percentage in cement

Lime 60-65
Silica 17-25
Alumina 3-8
Magnesia 1-3
Iron oxide 0.5-6
Calcium Sulfate 0.1-0.5
Sulfur Trioxide 1-3
Alkaline 0-1
 Functions of Cement Ingredients

The main features of these cement ingredientsalong with

their functions and usefulness or harmfulness are given
below:

1. Lime: Lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide.

– Presence of lime in a sufficient quantity is required to form

silicates and aluminates of calcium.
– Deficiency in lime reduces the strength of property to the
cement.
– Deficiency in lime causes cement to set quickly.
– Excess lime makes cement unsound.
 Functions of Cement Ingredients

2. Silica: Silicon dioxide is known as silica, chemical formula SiO2.

– Sufficient quantity of silica should be present in cement to di-
calcium and tri-calcium silicate.
– Silica imparts strength to cement.
– Silica usually present to the extent of about 30 percent
cement.
3. Alumina: Alumina is Aluminum oxide. The chemical formula is
Al2O3.
– Alumina imparts quick setting property to the cement.
– Clinkering temperature is lowered by the presence of the
requisite quantity of alumina.
– Excess alumina weakens the cement.
 Functions of Cement Ingredients

4. Magnesia: Magnesium Oxide. Chemical formula is MgO.

– Magnesia should not be present more than 2% in cement.
– Excess magnesia will reduce the strength of the cement.

5. Iron oxide: Chemical formula is Fe2O3.Iron oxide impart color

cement.
– It acts as a flux.
– At a very high temperature, it imparts into the chemical reaction
with calcium and aluminum to form tri-calcium alumino-
ferrite.
– Tri-calcium alumino-ferrite imparts hardness and strength to
cement.
 Functions of Cement Ingredients

Calcium Sulfate: Chemical formula is CaSO4

– This is present in cement in the form of gypsum(CaSO4.2H2O)

– It slows down or retards the setting action of cement.
Sulfur Trioxide: Chemical formula is SO3
– Should not be present more than 2%.
– Excess Sulfur Trioxide causes cement to unsound.
Alkaline:
– Should not be present more than 1%.
– Excess Alkaline matter causes efflorescence.
 PROCESS OF MAKING OF
CEMENT

Two processes are used for making of cement

1.Dry process
2.Wet process
The only difference between them is the use of
water while mixing the ingredients of cement in
wet process.
PROCESS OF MAKING OF
CEMENT
The Process of making of Portland Cement

The kiln resembles a large horizontal pipe with a

diameter of 10 to 15 feet (3 to 4.1 meters) and a
length of 300 feet (90 meters) or more. One end is
raised slightly. The raw mix is placed in the high
end and as the kiln rotates the materials move
slowly toward the lower end. Flame jets are at the
lower end and all the materials in the kiln are
heated to high temperatures that range between
1450 and 1650 Celsius).
The Process for making Portland
Cement
For each ton of material that goes into the feed end of
the kiln, two thirds of a ton then comes out from the
discharge end, called clinker. This clinker is in the form
of marble sized pellets.

Clinker
The clinker is very finely ground to produce Portland
(hydraulic) cement. A small amount of gypsum is
added during the grinding process to control the
cement's set or rate of hardening. The size of clinker is
from 3mm to 25 mm.
Clinker
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement
Cement has following physical properties

1. Fineness
2. Soundness
3. Consistency
4. Setting Time
5. Heat of Hydration
6. Bulk density
7. Specific Gravity
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement
 Fineness
Fineness of cement means the particles
size of cement. It affects the hydration
process of cement. That means it affects
the rate of strength gain. The smaller the
particle size, the greater the surface area-
to-volume ratio, and thus, the more area
available for water-cement interaction per
unit volume
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement
 Soundness
Soundness refers to the ability of cement to not
shrink upon hardening. Good quality cement
retains its volume after setting without delayed
expansion, which is caused by excessive free
lime and magnesia. Le Chatelier Test is
performed to find the soundness of cement.
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement
 Consistency
Consistency means the required water to
produce plastic cement paste for particular
cement. Thus one can know the water-cement
ratio for better workability of mix. it is
measured by Vicat Test.
Vicat Apparatus
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement

 Setting Time
The first few minutes, the setting action is more
dominant and later on the hardening action
becomes dominant.
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement
• Initial Setting Time
It is defined as the period elapsing between the
time when water is added to the cement and
the time at which the needle of 1 mm2 section
fails to pierce the test block to a depth of
about 5 mm from the bottom of the mold.
Initial Setting Time ≥ 45 minutes
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement
• Final Setting Time
It is defined as the period elapsing between the
time when water is added to cement and the
time at which the needle of 1 mm square
section with 5 mm diameter attachment makes
an impression on the test block.
Final Setting Time ≤ 375 minutes
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement
 Heat of Hydration
When water is added to cement, the reaction
takes place is called Hydration. Hydration
generates heat, which can affect the quality of
the cement and also be beneficial in
maintaining curing temperature during cold
weather.
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement
On the other hand, when heat generation is
high, especially in large structures, it may
cause undesired stress. The heat of hydration
is affected mostly by C3S and C3A present in
cement, and also by water-cement ratio,
fineness and curing temperature.
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement
 Bulk density
When cement is mixed with water, the water
replaces areas where there would normally be
air. Because of that, the bulk density of cement
is not very important. Cement has a varying
range of density depending on the cement
composition percentage. The density of cement
may be anywhere from 62 to 78 pounds per
cubic foot.
 Physical Properties of Portland
Cement
 Specific Gravity (Relative Density)
Specific gravity is generally used in mixture
proportioning calculations. Portland cement
has a specific gravity of 3.15, but other types
of cement (for example, Portland-blast-
furnace-slag and Portland-Pozzolana cement)
may have specific gravities of about 2.90.
 Permeability of concrete
It is the ease with which water flows through
concrete. If the concrete is impermeable than
corrosive agents cannot penetrate and attack it.
Concrete has small pores whose diameter varies
from 0.01 to 10 micron in cement pastes while it
may be between 1 mm to 10 mm when cement
paste is laid over the aggregate.
 Factors affecting Permeability of
concrete

1. Water-Cement Ratio
2. Improper Compaction of Concrete
3. Improper Curing
4. Age of concrete
• Permeability increases as water cement ratio
increases. Typically, at a water cement ratio
of around 0.4, permeability is practically nil.
 Water

Water is the key ingredient, which

when mixed with cement, forms a
paste that binds the aggregate together.
The water causes the hardening of
concrete through a process called
hydration.
 Properties controlled by Water

 Workability
 Compressive strengths,
 Permeability and water tightness,
 Durability and weathering,
 Drying shrinkage
 Potential for cracking.
 References

 Properties of concrete by A.M Neville

 Materials for civil and Construction Engineers
By Michael S.Mamlouk and John P.Zaniewiskie
Internet
http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/courses/ce584/concrete/l
i
brary/construction/curing/Composition%20of%20c
em ent.htm
https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-
materials/cement/10-cement-ingredients-with-
functions