Venturi Meter

 A venture tube is used where permanent pressure loss is of

prime importance.
 A straight inlet section of the same diameter as the pipe in
which the high pressure tap is located.
 The converging conical inlet section in which the cross
section of the stream decreases and the velocity increases and
pressure decreases.
 A cylindrical throat which provides for the low pressure tap
location of the decreased pressure in an area where flow
velocity is neither increasing nor decreasing.
 A diverging cone in which velocity decreases and recovered
as pressure head.
 Venturi meter
 They are large in size and hence
 Less changes of getting
where space is limited, they
clogged with sediments
cannot be used.
 Coefficient of discharge is
 Expensive initial cost,
high.
installation and maintenance.
 Its behavior can be predicted
 Require long laying length. That
perfectly.
is, the venturi meter has to be
 Can be installed vertically,
proceeded by a straight pipe
horizontally or inclined.
 Cannot be used in pipes below
7.5cm diameter.
 Flow nozzle
• The flow nozzle are used for flow measurements at high fluid
velocities and are more rugged and more resistant to erosion than the
sharp edged orifice plate.
• A flow nozzle consists of a convergent inlet whose shape is a quarter
ellipse, and cylindrical throat.
• Pressure measurement taps are normally located one pipe diameter
upstream and one half diameter from the inlet faces of the nozzle.
• Allows the flow rates almost 65% more than the orifice meter.
• Flow nozzle have very high coefficient of discharge typically 0.99.
Flow nozzle
 Flow nozzle
Advantages Disadvantages
• Its permanent pressure is lower
than that for an orifice meter.
• Its cost is higher than
orifice meter.
• It is available in many
material. • It is limited to moderate
pipe sizes.
• It is useful for fluid containing
solid that settle. • It require more
• It is widely accepted for high
maintenance as its
pressure and temperature necessary to remove a
steam flow section of pipe to inspect
and install
 Dall tubes

A Dall tube is a modified from of venture tube.

• It consistent of two cones, each with a relatively a large cone angle.

• The throat is formed by a circumferential slot located between the two

smaller diameter to the cones.

• The differential pressure produced by a Dall tube is much higher than that
of venture tube or nozzle Having the same upstream and throat diameters
with the same net head loss.
Dall tube
 Dall tube
Advantages
• The Dall tube is less
head loss
• Dall tube is available in
numerous material of
construction.
• The Dall tube has no
upper line size limit.
Disadvantages
• Its pressure difference is
sensitive to up stream
disturbances.
• More straight pipe required in
the approach pipe length.
 Elbow meters

The flow measurement using elbow taps as

primary element, depends on the
measurement of the differential pressure
between the two points (inside and outside
curves of the elbow) developed by
centrifugal force.
The taps are located at opposite ends of
diameter in the plan of the elbow, and the
diameter which passes through the tap is at
either 45 degree or less from the inlet face of
the elbow
 Elbow Meters
Advantages Disadvantages
• The elbow taps are easy • Its accuracy is poor.
to add to existing
installation where elbow • Differential pressure
is exist developed is relatively
• Its cost is comparatively small
low.
• It allows no additional
pressure loss
• With the elbow taps
there are no obstruction
in the line
• It has good repeatability.
Pitot Tube.
 Pitot tube
• Pitot tube are mainly used for measuring the fluid velocity.
• The operating principal of a pitot tube is based on the fact that when a solid body
is kept centrally and stationary in a pipe line with a fluid streaming down, the
velocity of the fluid decreases due the presence of the body till it is reduced to
zero in front of body.
• A pitot tube consist of a tube with an impact opening of 3.125 to 6.35 mm which
is placed directly in the line of flow, and a static opening at 90 degree from the
impact opening.
• The differential pressure across these taps is proportional to the velocity of the
fluid.
• For accurate measurement the pitot tube is moved across the entire diameter of
the pipe to measure the velocity at several points and then the true average
velocity is calculated.
• the accuracy of a pitot tube may range from ±.5 to ± 5%
 Pitot tube
•
Evaluated at two different points along a
streamline, the Bernoulli equation yields,

If z1 = z2 and point 2 is a stagnation point,

i.e., v2 = 0, the above equation reduces to,

The velocity of the flow can hence be

obtained,
 Pitot tube

Advantages
• The tube have process loss
• They are economical to install
• Some types can be easily
removed from the pipe line
Disadvantages
• These tubes have poor accuracy.
• They are unsuitable for dirty or
sticky fluids.
• They are sensitive to upstream
disturbances.
End