 Hunting and gathering societies

 Horticultural and pastoral societies

 Agrarian societies
 Industrial societies
 It is the oldest and simplest type of society
 Relies on hunting wild animals and gathering
food for survival.
 Stone and wood were the predominant raw
materials for making tools.
 Nomadic in nature
 Family and Kinship
 Specialized position: Headman and Shaman
 Horticultural society slowly began to change
many hunting and gathering societies;
developed a community that used simple
hand tools to raise crops.
 Fishing societies were more advanced than
previous societies; had permanent houses;
less inclination to travel.
 Pastoral or herding societies domesticated
animals; animal raising became a major
industry.
 Producing more food allowed societies to
expand.
 Enabled societies to generate a material
surplus more resources than necessary to
sustain day to day living.
 Advances in housing technology and home
industries such as weaving, pottery, and
leather craft.
 Efficiency and effectiveness of tools and
weapons markedly improved.
 Resulted in social inequality.
 Focuses on mode of production primarily on
agriculture and production of large fields.
 Regarded as the “dawn of civilization”.
 Use of animal-drawn plow produced food far
more efficiently than the hand tools used in the
horticultural society.
 Money emerged as a means of exchange
 Communication and transportation were greatly
improved.
 The expansion of growth of cities as economic
and political centers.
 Agrarian societies produced dramatic social
inequality.
 Social power of elite greatly expanded and they
exercised absolute control over large empires.
 Used sophisticated machinery powered by
advanced fuels to produce material goods.
 The muscle power of humans and animals
was no longer the basis of production.
 The advent of industrialization marked the
beginning of modernization throughout the
world.
 Technically advanced in nations, based
largely on the production and consumption of
services and information instead of goods.
 Daniel Bell, an American sociologist described
the late 20th century in his book “The Coming
of Post-Industrial Society” in 1974.
 The economy undergoes a transition from the
production of goods to the provision of
services.
 Knowledge becomes a valued form of capital.
 Producing ideas is the main way to grow the
economy.
 Behavioral and information sciences and
technologies are developed and
implemented.