New Rule 250D Extreme Ice With Concurrent Wind: Clayton Clem

New Rule 250D
Extreme Ice with

Concurrent Wind
Clayton Clem
Tennessee Valley Authority
January 9, 2007
Orlando
Towers, Poles & Conductors Meeting
Extreme Ice & Concurrent Wind
History
 Past Industry Ice Loading Criteria

– NESC District Map put in place with the 2nd ed.
(1916) and used in the 3rd ed. (1920)
– classed some areas as heavy because of high wind
velocities even though ice did not accumulate to any
greater extent than in the medium area
– recognized the need for local authority to fix the
loadings based upon local knowledge and weather
records.
History
NESC 2nd ed., 1916 and 3rd ed.,

1920
History

– NESC District Map modified with the 4th ed.
(1926) with substantial discussion published in
(1928)
– utilized information from the U.S. Weather Bureau
and from “numerous answers to a circular sent to
power and telephone companies,”
– “the chosen values do not represent the most
severe cases recorded, but do represent conditions
that occur more or less frequently”
History
NESC 4th ed., 1926

History

– NESC District Map modified with the 5th ed.
of Part II (1941) discussion published in 1944
– continued to revise the original map boundaries in
the western states along political subdivisions and
made extensive changes in the southeast along
political subdivisions based upon weather data
and experiences
History
NESC 5th ed. Part II, 1941

History

– NESC District Map put in place with the 7th ed.
of Part II (1977) and continued through the 1977,
1981, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1993, & 1997 ed.
– revised the medium load boundary established in the
1941edition extending it northward from Kentucky to
include parts of Ohio
History
NESC 7th ed. Part II, 1977 to present

History

– In the early 1980’s, TL engineers from
across the country began working on new
criteria for line design based on research
and benchmarking.
– this resulted in the ASCE Committee report on
loadings (1984)
– recognized that most utilities had design
guidelines for ultimate loadings in addition to the
NESC district loadings
History

– ASCE Manual 74 published in 1991
– 50-year return interval ice based on 9 years of
data collected by Bennet
– Added a wind on ice requirement as a
percentage of the 50 year basic wind speed
intended to represent the extreme wind which
could be expected over a 7 day period
History
ASCE Manual 74, 1991

History
 Increased interest in transmission line

icing started as a result of catastrophic
line failures in 1990 and 1991.
– On December 26, 1991, President George
H. W. Bush declared 43 Iowa counties
disaster areas as a result of severe icing.
– FEMA recommended that greater ice loads
that exceeded current code levels be used
History
 In February 1992, EPRI and Omaha

Public Power District hosted a workshop
for utilities and icing experts.
– Ten utilities, represented by 27 participants,
discussed recent ice related line failures.
– The consensus was that an industry study
on icing was needed.
History
 In 1993, EPRI, in conjunction with

several utilities (Illinois Power, Midwest
Power, WAPA, TVA, Mid America, and
Northern States Power) and the US
Army Cold Regions Research &
Engineering Laboratory (CRREL),
developed a plan to study & map icing
with the following key elements:
History
– Severe ice storms were identified using

historical meteorological data
– Ice accretion modeling using historical
meteorological data would be performed
– The ice accretion modeling would be
validated using utility records for the events
– Validation would also be performed using
Storm Data (NOAA 1959-1995) and
newspaper reports
History
 In 1994 the EPRI efforts got underway with
storm data, newspaper reports, and a
staged approach to detailed meteorological
study and ice accretion mapping.
– Nationwide Ice Severity & Event Index Maps
- completed 1996
– Region 1 made up of Iowa and portions of
Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas,
Nebraska, and South Dakota - completed 1996
History
 In 1993 an ASCE task committee on

icing was formed to begin the revision of
ASCE 7-95 “Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures,” which
had used the 1991 Manual 74
transmission line ice map.
– Several members of the initial EPRI, utility,
CRREL team participated.
History
 1993 ASCE task committee continued:

– The group used the research being
performed for the utilities as a starting basis
for the nationwide map
– CRREL and others began the effort of
completing the map for the rest of the
United States.
History
ASCE 7-98 Map proposed in CP2309 for the

2002 edition of the NESC
History
ASCE 7-98 Map proposed in CP2309 for the

2002 edition of the NESC
History
 NESC - 2002, Strength and Loadings

ASCE Combined Ice & Wind Map,
Rule 250B, CP2309, p.250
– The committee recommended the new
map as an alternate to the Rule 250B
district map
History
 NESC 2002 CP2309 Rejected

 Subcommittee 5 established Task Force
5.1.6 to prepare a change proposal for
the 2007 code cycle.
 NESC 2007 CP2802 utilized the ASCE
7-05 map and was adopted by the
committee as a new Rule 250D.
New NESC 2007 Rule 250D,
– Incorporates the 50-year return period ice plus wind
map into the code similarly to how the extreme 50-year
return period wind map was done calling it rule 250D.
– Preserves the “District Map” rule 250B and the “Extreme
Wind of Rule 250C.
– Changes in rules and tables have been made as
required for Rule 250D similar to those for the existing
extreme wind Rule 250C.
– Ultimate ice & wind loads of Rule 250D will be treated
some what like the ultimate wind loads of rule 250C.
– Where references to rule 250C are in the code,
references to Rule 250D have been added.
 Applies where a structure or its supported facilities

exceeds18m (60Ft) above ground or water.
 The simplified wind pressures for the concurrent wind
speed are given in Table 250-4.
 Wind pressures are applied to the iced diameter of
the wire.
 Wind pressures are applied to the entire supported
structure without ice.
 The radial thickness of ice from Figure 250-3 shall be
multiplied by 1.0 for grade B and 0.80 for grade C.
–
 Rule 250A1: Three weather loads are specified in Rules 250B, 250C,
and 250D. Where all three apply, the required loading shall be the one
with greater effect.
 Note the simplified wind pressures used with Rule 250D as

shown in Table 250-4.
 Rule 251.B.3: Total load shall be the resultant of the horizontal and vertical
components calculated at the applicable temperature in Table 251-1.
 Rule 253: Loads due to the district loads in Rule 250B, the extreme wind
loading condition in Rule 250C, and the extreme ice with concurrent wind
condition Rule 250D shall be multiplied by the load factors in Table 253-1…
 The permitted strength shall be the strength multiplied by the strength
factors in Tables 261-1A…..
 Rule 261.H.2 a & c (splices, taps, dead-ends, etc.), Rule 261.I
(supply cables) and Rule 261.K (Communications cables) limit
the stress to 80% of the rated breaking strength under the
conditions specified in Rules 250C and 250D. Note: Remember
for comparison Rule 250B loads were multiplied by a load factor
of 1.65.
 Rule 277 (Mechanical strength of insulators) requires that proper

allowance be made for the loads in Rules 250C and 250D. Note:
For the District Loads Rule 250B 40-50% of the insulators
strength rating is used. For the ultimate loads of 250C and 250 D
practice has varied. Many utilities have used strengths greater
than 40-50% ( REA 70%). Consensus between utilities and
insulator manufacturers has not been reached on this issue.
RULE 250D NESC EQUIVALENT CONDITIONS
(If Overload Factor 1.0 is used)
Cable Medium Load District Heavy Load District
Radial Wind (mph) Radial Wind (mph)
Ice (in) Ice (in)
Grade B Grade C* Grade B Grade C*
3 No. 6 0.397 53.9 50.5 0.685 55.4 51.9
7 No. 8 0.424 52.9 49.7 0.705 54.9 51.5
2/0 Copper 0.469 51.4 48.2 0.738 54.1 50.7
4/0 ACSR 0.426 54.2 50.8 0.720 55.3 51.9
636 26/7 0.535 53.1 49.9 0.814 54.5 51.1
795 26/7 0.567 52.9 49.7 0.843 54.3 50.9
954 45/7 0.559 53.4 50.1 0.839 54.5 51.2
1351.5 45/7 0.614 53.1 49.8 0.891 54.2 50.9
1590 45/7 0.643 53.0 49.7 0.919 54.1 50.7
2034.5 72/7 0.676 53.0 49.7 0.952 54.1 50.7
* The wind speeds below represent the corresponding equivalent values for Rule 250B
transverse wind load, when at a wire crossing. For the more common case of not at a
crossing, the equivalent wind speeds are reduced by 11 percent.
– Referring to the Rule 250D equivalent conditions

shown on the previous table, you will realize that
smaller wire sizes have not had the same reliability
against failure due to loading as larger wires in past
editions of the code when using Rule 250B
– Calculating tensions with a smaller ice load and
applying an overload factor is not the same as
making the calculation with the true ice load
– Rule 250D will require all wire sizes to have a
consistent reliability level with respect to loadings
– Much of the medium loading area in the southeast

will see an increase in vertical load and a reduction of
transverse wind load when compared to Rule 250B
– Some areas of heavy loading in the mid-west will

also see an increase in vertical load and a reduction
of transverse wind load when compared to Rule
250B
In summary,
– Rule 250D implements an ultimate ice and
wind speed approach which will be kept up to
date just like the ultimate wind speeds are
adjusted as updates to ASCE-7 are
developed.
– Offers the advantage of being able to have a
consistent requirement for all wire sizes on
the same structure leading to improved
safety and reliability

New Rule 250D Extreme Ice With Concurrent Wind: Clayton Clem

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New Rule 250D Extreme Ice With Concurrent Wind: Clayton Clem

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New Rule 250D

Extreme Ice with

 Past Industry Ice Loading Criteria

NESC 2nd ed., 1916 and 3rd ed.,

 Past Industry Ice Loading Criteria

NESC 4th ed., 1926

 Past Industry Ice Loading Criteria

NESC 5th ed. Part II, 1941

 Past Industry Ice Loading Criteria

NESC 7th ed. Part II, 1977 to present

 Past Industry Ice Loading Criteria

 Past Industry Ice Loading Criteria

ASCE Manual 74, 1991

 Increased interest in transmission line

 In February 1992, EPRI and Omaha

 In 1993, EPRI, in conjunction with

– Severe ice storms were identified using

 In 1993 an ASCE task committee on

 1993 ASCE task committee continued:

ASCE 7-98 Map proposed in CP2309 for the

ASCE 7-98 Map proposed in CP2309 for the

 NESC - 2002, Strength and Loadings

 NESC 2002 CP2309 Rejected

 Applies where a structure or its supported facilities

 Note the simplified wind pressures used with Rule 250D as

 Rule 277 (Mechanical strength of insulators) requires that proper

– Referring to the Rule 250D equivalent conditions

– Much of the medium loading area in the southeast

– Some areas of heavy loading in the mid-west will

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