S E F M J T

B D U C A V
SUBJECT
O G U E P A
R P S A C L
PURPOSE
N P U C R E
D I E O W A
AUDIENCE
O I M S E E
V F V N C U
VOICE
PROPERTIES OF
A WELL-
WRITTEN TEXT
 ORGANIZATION

In a good piece of writing, every

sentence serves the central theme, with
every detail directly related to the main
idea.
 1. THE SUBJECT: WHAT
THE WRITING IS ABOUT

This is also called as the

topic or the central theme.
 PURPOSE: THE
WRITER’S INTENTION

The piece of writing is

intended to accomplish
apart from any other
personal aims of the writer.
 THREE MAIN PURPOSES

1. ENTERTAINMENT- telling a good

story
2. INFORMATION- presentation of
facts
3. PERSUASION/ ARGUMENTATION-
tries to convince the readers to
agree with the writers point of
view on a topic
 AUDIENCE: THE WRITER’S
INTENDED READERS

Who will be your audience?

 VOICE: HOW THE WRITER’S
ATTITUDE IS REVEALED

It was through the text in the

words that are chosen and the
strategies that are used.

1. An attitude toward the subject

matter
2. An attitude toward the audience
 COHERENCE: COHERENCE AND
LOGICAL PROGRESSION OF
THOUGHT

3 main techniques in making a text a

coherent one

1. Repetition of words
2. Careful pronoun references
3. Transitional expressions
 REPETITION OF
WORDS

Key words are repeated to be

emphasized
 CAREFUL PRONOUN
REFERENCES
Example:

Then the world saw the

emergence of a new style
which either built upon the last
style as a reaction to it.
 USE OF TRANSITIONAL
EXPRESSIONS

Coherence is achieved
through the use of
transitions, words, and
expressions that show how
ideas relate to each other.
 ORDER OF IDEAS

It depends partly on the

purpose of writing and
partly on the main idea.
 3 WAYS TO ARRANGE
IDEAS IN A COHERENT
MANNER

1. CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER- time-

based order, makes clear the
order in which the events
happened (story/ historical
events)
2. SPATIAL ORDER- makes clear
the location of the parts of a
scene.
3. ORDER OF IMPORTANCE- In
persuasion, ideas are often
arranged in order of importance
from least important to the most
important one.
 RECOGNIZING LANGUAGE
APPROPRIATE FOR FORMAL WRITING
SLANG- a term that refers
to special words or expression
that a particular group of
people use, often with
intention of keeping the
meaning private
 EXAMPLES

Slang or Informal words Acceptable words

bucks pesos
kids children
cops police
a bummer a bad experience
off the wall crazy
 refers to
CLIPPED LANGUAGE-
the use of shortened
word to make
communication more
relaxed and informal
 EXAMPLES

CLIPPED LANGUAGE ACCEPTABLE WORDS

doc doctor
fridge refrigerator
pro professional
TV television
SEXIST LANGUAGE- refers
to the use of single- gender
nouns or pronouns to apply
to both men and women
 EXAMPLE

Everyone must bring his

project on Tuesday.
SEXIST TERMS ACCEPTABLE TERMS

businessman businessperson,
business executive
mail man mail carriers, postal worker
stewardess flight attendant
mankind people, humanity
common man average person
TRITE EXPRESSIONS (or
clichés)- are expressions that
may have been fresh at one
time but now have become
stale from overuse
 EXAMPLES

TRITE EXPRESSIONS ACCEPTABLE EXPRESSIONS

Cool as cucumber calm
Mad as a hornet angry
Without a rhyme senseless
Slowly but surely gradually
Busy as a bee busy
 MECHANICS

WHAT IS THE USE OF

PUNCTUATION MARKS TO THE
READERS?
1.Period
2.Question Mark
3.Exclamation Point
4.Semicolon
5.Colon
6.Dash
 PERIOD
1. Put a period (.) at the end of a
sentence and after most abbreviations.

Examples:
Sept. Mon. in. sq. ft.
 QUESTION MARK

Put a question mark (?) after a

direct question but not after an
indirect one.

Will we be able to use our notes

during the test? (direct)
I wonder if we will be able to use
our notes during the test. (indirect)
 EXCLAMATION POINT

3. Put an exclamation point (!) after an

expression that shows strong emotion.
This mark is used mostly in dialogue or
informal correspondence.

I can’t believe I did so well in my exam!

 SEMI-COLON
4. Put a semi- colon (;) between two
independent clauses in a sentence
unless they are joined by one of the
connecting words for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so.

My mother cosigned for a loan; now I

have my own car.
Some careers go in and out of fashion;
however, people will always need
teachers.
5. Put a colon (:) after a complete
statement that introduces one of
the following elements: a name, a
list, a quotation, or an explanation.

The company announced its

Employee-of-the-Month: Lee Jones.

Thoreau had this to say about

time: “Time is about the stream I
go-a-fishin in.”
 DASHES
6. Use dashes (--) to isolate inserted
information, to signal an abrupt
change of thought, to emphasize
what follows.

Lee Santos– March’s Employee-of-the-

Month–received his own special reward.

I found it today– or a was it yesterday?–

that I have won the lottery.
We have exciting news for you–
we’removing!
 COMMA RULES

1. Put a comma before, for, and, nor, but,

or, yet, so (remember these seven
words as a fanboys) when they
connect two independent clauses.

The neighbors recently bought a

minivan, and now they take short trips every
weekend.
She was recently promoted, so she has
moved to another office.
 If you use comma alone between
two independent clauses, the
result is an error called comma
splice.

The cake looked delicious, it

tasted too good. (comma splice)
The cake looked delicious, and it
tasted too good. (correct)
2. Use a comma to separate
three or more items in a series.

Students in Literature classes are

reading short stories, poems, and plays.

Today I did my laundry, washed my car,

and cleaned my room.
 If an address or date is used in
a sentence, put a comma after
every item, including the last.

My father was born on August 11,

1969, in Tondo, Manila, and grew
up there.

Shelby lived in Calamba, Laguna,

for two years.
 When only the month and year are
used in a dare, no commas are needed.

My aunt graduated in UP in May 1995.

3. Put a comma after an introductory
expression (a word, a phrase, or a
dependent clause) or before a comment
or question tagged onto the end.

Finally, he was able to get through to

his insurance company.

Once I have finished my work, I will call

you.

The new chairs aren’t very comfortable,

are they?
4. Put commas around the name of
person spoken to.

Did you know, Amielle, that you left

your backpack at the library?

We regret to inform you, Mr. Dela

Cruz, that your policy had been
cancelled.
5. Put commas around expressions that
interrupt the flow of a sentence (such
as however, moreover, therefore, of
course, by the way, on the other hand, I
believe, I think).

I know, of course, that I have missed

the deadline.

Today’s exam, I think, was only a

practice test.
6. Put commas around additional
information that is not needed in a
sentence.

Maxine Andres, who organized the

fund-raiser, will introduce the
candidates.

The woman who organized the

fund-raiser will introduce the
candidates.
Arrange ideas in a clear order. Put A-G to form the
main idea in the topic sentence clear.
______1. Don’t overwater.
______2. Too much water causes root rot and kills
houseplants.
______3. Fertilize once a month.
______4. You can test to see whether the soil is
dry by pushing your finger into the top layer of
soil.
______5. Use the correct soil mixture so that
plants have air and water around the roots.
______6. Water thoroughly, but let the surface solid
dry out thoroughly between watering.
______7. You can add one- third sand or perlite to a
soil mixture.