PRESENTED BY THE GROUP 4

1. AMINUS SHOLIHIN

2. AYULIZA SRI ANDRIANI

 Parts of Speech
class of words based on their function the way they work in a
sentence.
 The Nine Parts of Speech

Articles Nouns Pronouns Adjectives

Adverbs

Verbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections

1. Articles
are used to indicate whether a noun in a sentence is spesific or general. There are
two distinct forms of the indefinite article; a, an. One form of the definite article;
the.
a. A/an
The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with
a consonant sound. For examples:
a man a university a one-way street.

The form an is used before a word beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or a word
beginning with a mute ‘h’. For examples:
an apple an uncle an hour an honest man.
b. The
Used to indicate something that is in spesific terms. For examples:
I have a grammar book. The book is thick.
the woman that I love the most is my mother.
There are some words that must use the and some others must not.
We must use the with the names of ethnic groups, plural lakes, names of rivers. For
examples:
the Indian village the Great Lakes the Musi River
We must not use the with title names, names of cities, names of continents. For
examples:
the Mr. Robert the Palembang the Asia
2. Nouns
Are words that refer to a person, place, event, or thing. Nouns are classified
as proper, common, abstract, collective, countable, and uncountable nouns.
A. Proper Nouns.
Are the names given to spesific, people, places, event, languages, etc.
They are always capitalized in a sentence. For examples:
English Jack Palembang Indonesia December

B. Common Nouns.
Are the more general version of proper nouns. They are not capitalized
unless they start a sentence (at the beginning )For examples:
language person city country month
C. Abstract Nouns
Are things that cannot be detected by five physical senses. For example:
mind love happiness imagination patience.

D. Collective Nouns
Are words for group of people, animals, and things. For examples:
a family a pack of wolves a gang of robbers a team of players.

E. Countable and Uncountable Nouns.

Countable nouns are things that can be counted or added by suffix s or es, or
have their own plural forms. For examples:
Chair man mouse glass child wife analysis.

In contrast, uncountable nouns are things that cannot be counted, cannot be

added by suffix s or es. For examples:
sugar water information furniture music sand.
3. Pronouns
Are words that take the place of nouns or noun phrases. There are different
kinds of pronouns.
A. Personal Prononouns
the words I, you, we, they, he, she, it are called subject pronouns.
They are used as the subjects of the verb in a sentence. The words
me, you, us, them, him, her, it are called object pronouns. They
are used as the objects that receive the action. For examples:
 Marry is at the movie with Jimmy. She really enjoys spending time
with him.
 Dom and Brian are great racers. They always win every racing
competition
B. Reflexive Pronouns
Are words that reflect the subject of a verb. They refer to the same person or
thing as the subject of the sentence. The words myself, yourself, yourselves,
ourselves, themselves, himself, herself, itself are reflexive pronouns. For
examples in the sentences:
 I made this cake myself
 they have introduced themselves
 Be careful with the knife. You will cut yourself.

C. Demonstrative Pronouns
Are used for pointing out things or people. The words this, these, that,
those are demonstrative pronouns. For examples in the sentences:
 this is my mother. These are my parents.
 That is Johnny. Those are his brother and sister.
D. Possesive Pronouns
Are used to talk about things that belong to people or animals. They
replace antecedent noun phrases that contain possessive adjective .
The words mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its. For examples in
the sentences:
 this is the cat’s milk. This is its.
 my friend is very kind. Mine is very kind.
 This is her fault. This is hers.

4. Adjectives
are words that modify or describe nouns. They give more information
about nouns. They come before nouns that they modify. There are
some different kinds of adjectives.
A. Adjectives tell about the size. For examples, small, huge, big, tall, tiny, etc.
small boxes a huge palace tall men a fat lady

B. Adjective tell about the colors of things. For examples, red, blue, green,etc.
a red carpet black hair a blue car pink nails

C. Adjectives tell about the quality. For examples, smart, naughty, hot, cold, young,
etc.
old men a naughty boy hot weather smart students

D. Adjectives tell about what things are made of. For examples, plastic, clay, metal,
paper, etc.
a paper ship a metal key plastic chair clay pots
E. Adjectives tell about origin. For examples, Malayan, Japanese, Italian, etc.
Indian temples an Indonesian lady a Filipino dress

F. Adjectives tell about the quantity. For examples, a little, little, a few, few,
some, many, much, etc. For examples in the sentences:
 he has little knowledge
 I do not have much time.
 I have a few dollars to buy pempek.

G. Adjectives show the possesion or ownership. Also called possessive adjective.

They include the words my, your, our, their, his, her, its.
 Mika and Jack invited me to their party.
 That cat is licking its paws.
5. Adverbs
Are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They convey
meanings that involve relations of manner, time, frequency, degree, and
place.

A. Adverbs of Manner
they provide information on how people or things do something. For
examples, rudely, angrily, beautifully, slowly, carefully, impatiently, etc.
 that driver is driving dangerously
 Dedi walks slowly
 Riska sang beautifully
B. Adverbs of Time
They provide information on when something happen. For examples, today,
tomorrow, last year, two months ago, recently, yesterday evening, etc.
 I have not seen her recently
 they came over me yesterday
 We will have a match tomorrow

C. Adverbs of Frequency
they provide information on how often something happen. They include;
always, usually, frequently, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom,
hardly ever, never.
 we always play football at noon.
 why do you seldom call on me?
 They never argue
D. Adverbs of Degree
They provide information about the intensity of something. They
include enough, very, and too.

1. Enough
means satisfactory amount or degree. It comes after adjectives
and adverbs, and before nouns. For examples:
 He is not good enough for you.
 I have enough time to get there.
 luckily enough, I was able to get a ticket for the show.
 the children are all walking happily enough.
2. Very
Means something is done to a high degree, it is usually factual. It comes before
adjectives or other adverbs. For examples in the sentences:
 John drives his car very dangerously
 Riska is very interested in me.
 This place is very beautiful.
 They finished their homework very quickly.

3. Too
Means more than enough, an excessive amount of degree. It comes before
adjectives. For examples in the sentences:
 My t-shirt is too small.
 I am just too tired to work anymore.
 We stay up all night because we have too much homework to do.
E. Adverbs of Place
They indicate where something happens. These include; here, there,
Palembang, Indonesia, anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, underground,
inside, outside, etc. For examples in the sentences:
 there is a football match in London.
 I cannot find you anywhere.
 they are playing outside.

6. Verbs
Are words that show an state or action, or words that are performed by the
subject of a sentence. There are major kinds of verbs.
A. Stative Verbs
Are verbs that describe things that are not actions. There are connected to
thinking, oponions, feelings, and emotions. For examples: guess, remember,
imagine, mean, believe, enjoy, like, want, know, agree, etc.

B. Dynamic Verbs
Are verbs used primarily to indicate an action and process as supposed to
states. For examples: kick, learn, make give, study, hit, etc.
 I learn to fly.
 We make cakes together.
 She pronounces that word correctly.
C. Main Verbs
Verbs which complete action alone in a sentence. That is, they do not
require additional verbs to use. For examples:
 I go to school every day.
 She usually writes a letter for her parents.
 They played football.

D. Auxiliary Verbs
Known as helping verbs , that support the main verbs in the sentences.
They need to be paired with main verbs in order to communicate action.
Helping verbs change tense and meaning. There are two different kinds
of helping verbs.
1. Primary Auxiliary Verbs
They are derived from the verbs be (am is, are, was, were), have (has,
have, had), do ( do, does, did ). For examples:
 They are studying now. (Present progressive)
 we have had difficulties in mastering Grammar. (Present perfect)
 I don’t steal your money. (present)
 He wasn’t waiting for you. (past progressive)
 He had cooked, when you came. (past perfect)
 did it rain yesterday? (past)
2. Secondary Auxiliary Verbs
They are derived from modals. For examples, can, could, might, shall,
should, must, will, would, has to, have to, had to, etc.
 my team might win this football competition. (showing the possibility)
 you can pass the exam if you study. (showing the ability)
 you musn’t smoke here. (showing the prohibition)
 could I borrow your dictionary? (showing the permission).
 I will go to America with Riska. (showing the willingness)
E. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are that need an object in a sentence. For examples:
make, learn, climb, kill, answer, love, miss, etc. In contrast,
intransitive verbs are verbs that do not need an object in a sentence.
For examples: cry, scream, arrive, die, happen, occur, etc.

7. Prepositions
Are short words that indicate location, direction, position, and
time. For examples: beside, from, near, through, to, without, for
, during, between, among, since,etc. For examples:
 He comes From America.
 we have been waiting for you since two hours ago.
 what is your favorite between black and red?
 I never cheat during the exam.
8. Conjunctions
Are word that connect to a part of a sentence. They can connect to words,
phrases, or clauses. For examples:
 When you go to London, you must try fish and chips. (connect to words)
 My cell phone is not either on the table or in the drawer. (connect to
phrases).
 I wanted to see my manager, but he wasn’t in his office. (connect to
clauses).
there are four major kinds of conjunctions.
A. Coordinating Conjunctions
Are conjunctions that join two similiarity constructed or syntactically equal
words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. They include; and, but, or, so,
yet.
 I’m not very hungry, so I will have a milkshake.
 Kim wants to work in Palembang, but he cannot find a job.
 Dom gifted her mother an iPad for her birthday, and she like it.
 Jack is an expert programmer at computer promming, yet he teaches
economics.
B. Subordinating Conjunctions
Are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause, joining it to a
main clauses. Also called subordinator. For examples, before, after,
because, when, although, if, unless, etc.
 After Mike gets home from school, he likes to play an PS an hour.
 Amin and Tedi are hit ingthe book because they are going to have an
exam tomorrow.
 If you don’t come with us, you can just stay here.
 My mother was cooking when I got home.
 Although we are seperated miles away, we are still able to keep in
touch.
C. Correlative Conjuntions
Are paired conjunctions that link balanced words, phrases, and
clauses. For examples, both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not
only...but also, as...as, the more...the more, the more...the
less.
 Both Amin and Riska decided to go on holiday this April.
 Either Dedi or Santri will help me with the money.
 not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the band
was late.
 You look after your mother. You are as beauutiful as her.
 The more you study the more you make progress.
D. Cohesive Conjunctions
Indicate the relation in meaning between two sequential main clauses. Fo
examples, therefore, as a result, finally, moreover, futhermore,
however, for example, for instance.
 Carlos loves living in Palembang; however, his wife hates traffic.
 Swimming is an essential skill in life; therefore, all children should have
swimming lesson.
 Our head of university will be at the conference: moreover he will give the
opening speech.
9. Interjections
Are words that express a sudden, strong feeling such as
surprise, pain, or pleasure. For examples, well done,
congratulation, oh my god, ouch, hooray, wow, how
come, I’m sorry to hear that, etc.
 you’re late! How come?
 wow! This is amazing.
 Ouch! I cut myself.
 hooray! Our lecture cannot come today.
 I heards your team won this competition.
Congraturation!
 QUESTIONS
I.
1. Explain the definition of parts of speech by using your own word!
2. Explain the differences between adjectives and adverbs. Give
examples for each of them and use them in the sentences!
3. Explain the differences between stative and dynamic verbs. Give
examples for each of them and use them in the sentences!

II. Analyze these sentences below, and determine their error either
grammar or structures. After that, change each of them into the
correct one.
4. If I have many money, I will buy you a expensively car.
5. I don’t have money enough to buy you an luxurious very diamond
rings.