INTRODUCTION TO

NAVAL
ENGINEERING
PUMPS, VALVES,
AND FANS
 OBJECTIVES
● How to control the flow of fluids.
● How to create flow of fluids in our
system.
– Bernoulli’s Principle.
– Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH).
● Fans.
VALVES
Globe Valve Most common valve
●
in a propulsion plant
● Body may be straight,
angle, or cross type
● Valve inlet and outlet
openings are
designed to suit
varying requirements
of flow
● Valve may be
operated in the
partially open position
(throttled)
● Commonly used in
steam, air, oil and
water lines
Gate
Valve

● Used for a straight line of flow where minimum

restriction is desired
● Not suitable for throttling
● May be rising stem or nonrising stem
 Ball Valve
● Most ball valves are quick
acting - only require 90o
turn to completely open or
shut valve
● Some ball valves may
have gearing for ease of
use (also increases
operating time)
● Used in seawater,
sanitary, trim and drain,
air, hydraulic, and oil
transfer systems
Butterfly Valve

● Lightweight, relatively small, and quick acting

● May be used for throttling
● Used in freshwater, saltwater, lube oil, JP-5,
F-76, and chill water systems
Check Valve
● Allows fluid to
flow in a system
in only one
direction
● May be swing, lift,
or ball type
● Check valves
may be built into
globe valves or
ball valves
 Relief Valve
● Installed in piping systems to
protect them from excessive
pressure
● The relieving pressure is set by
the force exerted on the disk by
the spring
● Relief valves may have a lever
which allows manual opening of
the valve for test purposes
 Valve Operating Devices
● Manual
– Handwheel or lever is directly connected to the stem and is
operated by hand
● Hydraulic
– Hydraulic pressure is applied to one side of a piston which is
connected to the stem of the valve
● Motor
– A hydraulic, electric, or air driven motor is used to turn the stem of
the valve
● Solenoid
– Uses an electromagnet to open or close a valve against spring
pressure
PUMPS
 Pump Components
DRIVE TYPE
(electric motor,
steam drive, gear
driven, etc…) IMPELLER

PUMP SHAFT
DISCHARGE

CASING SUCTION
 Pressure Head
● Head
– The vertical distance between two horizontal levels in a liquid
– A measure of the pressure exerted by a column or body of
liquid because of the weight of the liquid
● Since a pump may be installed above, at, or below the
surface of the source of supply, the pump must be able
to overcome the net static head in order to pump from
one elevation to another
● Equal to Z + P/γ
 Pressure Head

NET STATIC STATIC

HEAD DISCHARGE
HEAD

STATIC SUCTION
PRESSURE

PUMP
 Velocity Head

● Head required to impart velocity to a

liquid
● Equivalent to the vertical distance
through which the liquid would have
to fall to acquire the same velocity
● Equal to V2 / 2g
 Friction Head
● The force or pressure required to overcome
friction is obtained at the expense of the static
pressure head
● Unlike velocity head, friction head cannot be
“recovered” or reconverted to static pressure
head
● Thermal energy is usually wasted, therefore
resulting in a head loss from the system
 BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
●
The Bernoulli equation is a special statement of the general energy equation
Work added to the system is referred to as pump head (hP)
●
Losses from the system are referred to as head loss (hL)
●

●
Pressure (lbf/in2) is a form of work
Strictly Mechanical Energy so we get the equation:
●
P1 + PE1 + KE1 + WK = PE2 + KE2 + WKFRIC + P2
 THE CONCEPT OF “HEAD”
The vertical difference between 2 levels of liquid
● Use FT to measure the pressure exerted by a body of liquid in term of weight
Head
– α Pressure α Energy
●
Velocity Head
● The distance a liquid would have to fall for a given V
– Hv = V1 /2g
2

Friction
– Head
● Hl= f(L/D)(V2/2Zg) where
– f : friction factor
• L: Length
• D: Diameter
•
 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Z1 + (P1/γ ) + (V12/2g) = Z2 + (P2/γ ) + (V22/2g) + hP - hL

Z : Elevation (ft) Hp: pump head (ft)

P : Pressure (lb/ft2) HL: Head Loss (ft)
γ : Density (lb/ft3) = f(L/D)(V2/2Zg)
V : Velocity (ft/sec) where
g : acceleration f : friction factor
(32.2 ft/sec2) L: Length
D: Diameter
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
● Fixed Volume
● Volumetric Flow rate is
proportional to speed
● A relief valve will always be on the
discharge end of the pump
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
 Reciprocating Pump
Characteristic Curve

N2 = 2 N1

N1 N2
hP (ft)

.
V (gpm)
 NON-POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
 Pump Laws
Apply to centrifugal (non-positive displacement)
pumps only
.
V∝N
Hp ∝ N2
.
W ∝ N3

V = volumetric flow rate

N = speed of rotation
Hp = pump head
.
W = power required (prime mover)
 PUMPS
– Centrifugal:
• Parallel pumps:

V2 = 2V1
HP 2 pumps
HP2 = HP1
1 pump

GPM
V
 PUMPS
• Series (called staging):

2 pumps
HP2 = 2HP1
HP
V2 = V1
1 pump

GPM
V
 NET POSITIVE SUCTION
HEAD
● Net Positive Suction Head: that pressure
required at the suction of a pump to
prevent cavitation.
– cavitation: the formation of bubbles due to
area where P < PSAT , and the subsequent
collapse upon migration to a high-press.
area.
• causes noise and damage due to erosion and
fatigue failure.
 NET POSITIVE SUCTION
HEAD
– Need enough pressure on the suction side
so that P > Psat. If P < Psat, water flashes to
vapor causing damage to the pump.

pump
FANS
 Fans
● Operate on the same principle as non-positive
displacement pumps: impart a velocity to a fluid and
convert this kinetic energy into a pressure by the use
of a diffusing chamber
● Two types
– Centrifugal: similar to a pump impeller, used in refrigeration
compressors or gas turbine compressors in small gas
turbine engines
– Axial: similar to a propeller, used in forced-draft blowers
 Reading
● Introduction to Naval Engineering
– Chapter 1, pp. 6-8
– Chapter 3, pp. 41-51
– Chapter 10, pp. 175-179
● Principles of Naval Engineering
– Chapter 9, pp. 9-1 - 9-12
QUESTIONS ????