Lime stone

Chapter#9
Calcium carbonate:
Chalk is one form of limestone, made from around
98% calcium carbonate.
The chemical formula of calcium carbonate is
CaCO3 .
Another source of calcium carbonate is marble.

Limestone quarries:
The pot-holing or caves have been weathered
out of the limestone by rain water. Rain water is
slightly acidic because carbon dioxide dissolves in
it as it falls.
Reactions of limestone:
Calcium
carbonate
step 4 limestone step 1
Add carbon dioxide heat
This is the test for CO2 carbon
dioxide given off

Calcium
Calcium
hydroxide
oxide
quick lime
solution
limewater
quicklime
step 3 step 2
Add more water and filter add a little water

Calcium
hydroxide

slaked lime
Equations:
Step 1:
CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Step 2:
CaO (s) + H2O (l)  Ca(OH)2 (s)
Step 4:
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g)  CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
The lime kiln:
In industry the limestone is heated in lime kilns. The
limestone is broken down by heat in the kiln. This
reaction is called thermal decomposition.

heat
Calcium carbonate  calcium oxide + carbon
dioxide
CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

The kiln is lined in fire-bricks. They have to

withstand very high temperatures (about 15000C)
Rotating kilns are used to turn limestone into
cement.
The powdered limestone is heated with clay. Most
cement goes on to make concrete.

Diagram of Kiln lime

(page # 111)
Uses of limestone:

1- It is used in buildings and roads.

2- It is used in glass.
3- It is used in neutralize acidic soil.
4- it is used in paper
5- It is used in steel.
Cement:

A mixture of cement and sand, with water

added to make a thick paste. This is called
mortar.
Cement is made by heating limestone and clay.
They are ground up and heated in kilns which
rotate. A little gypsum(calcium sulphate) is
added. This stops the cement from setting as
soon as you add water.

Cements sets as it reacts with water. This is called

Hydration. The reactions are complex.
Concrete:
Concrete is made by mixing cement, sand and
small stones. If we look closely, we will see the
small stones set in position.
Reinforced concrete:
Concrete is a relatively cheap building material.
As a material itself it is hard, but a beam will
snap if put under tension.
We can make it stronger by making reinforced
concrete.
To make reinforced concrete, the mixture is
allowed to set around a steel support. Its
increased strength and flexibility means that we
can use it to make building and bridges.