Himangshu Ranjan Ghosh

Ref
Introduction to solar radiation- M Iqbal
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 Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) is the amount of solar radiation received
per unit area by a surface that is always held perpendicular (or normal)
to the rays that come in a straight line from the direction of the sun at its
current position in the sky.

 Typically, you can maximize the amount of irradiance annually received

by a surface by keeping it normal to incoming radiation.

 This quantity is of particular interest to concentrating solar thermal

installations and installations that track the position of the sun.

https://firstgreenconsulting.wordpress.com/2012/04/26/differentiate-between-the-dni-dhi-and-ghi/
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 The rate of solar energy incident on a unit area exposed normally to
rays of he sun at one astronomical unit outside the atmosphere is ISC

 Eeccentricity correction factor E0=(r0/r)2 =1+0.033cos[(2πdn/365)]

 On a given day, let Ion be the extraterrestrial irradiance (rate of energy)

on a surface normal to the rays from the sun, where
Ion=IscE0

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 In June solstice and December solar radiation fall directly on
the Tropic of cancer and Tropic of Capricorn respectively. In
equinox radiation fall directly on Equator.
 The irradiance on a horizontal surface is
Io=Ioncosθz

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 The irradiation (amount of energy) for a short period of
time, dI0 during a short period of time dt will be

 dI0=IscE0cosθzdt

 Cosθz contains the solar hour angle w

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔
 Rotational speed of the earth around its polar axis

2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝜔
 =
24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑡

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 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝜔
𝜋

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 One can now readily obtain I0, the radiation
over a period of 1hour

the ith hour from solar noon and wi the

 Let
hour angle at the middle of this hour,

2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
 Hour angle for an hour is
24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝜋
 Hour angle for half of an hour is
24

 Lower limit wi- П/24 and upper limit wi+ П/24

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 Integrate the 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑧 equation for the above
limits
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔


 Io=IscE0(sin f sin d+cos f cos d cos wi)

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  Calculate the extraterrestrial hourly solar
irradiance on a horizontal surface over
Dhaka (23.730N) for the hour ending at
11:00(LAT) on 10 Jan. [Isc=4871kJm-2h-1]

Example 4.2.1 Iqbal page 61

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 The irradiation during a day, from sunrise (sr) to sunset (ss) is
given by the area under curves.

where ωs is in degrees

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  Calculate the extraterrestrial daily solar
irradiance on a horizontal surface over
Dhaka (23.730N) on 10 Jan.
 [Isc=4871kJm-2h-1]

Example 4.2.2 Iqbal page 65

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