AERO-311

APPLIED AERODYNAMICS

Sqn Ldr Nadeem Hussain Shah

Aerospace Engineering Deptt

College of Aeronautical Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology
Risalpur, Pakistan
 TEXT BOOK 1: CHAPTER 1
SECTION 1.2-4
PAGE No: 11-19

LECTURE 1:
AERODYNAMIC VARIABLES

Sqn Ldr Nadeem Hussain Shah

Aerospace Engineering Deptt

College of Aeronautical Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology
Risalpur, Pakistan
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Understanding the definition of Fluid Dynamics

 Objectives of Aerodynamics

 Some fundamental Aerodynamic Variables

 Understanding Perfect Gas and Equation of State

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 FLUIDS AND SOLIDS

 Solids. Experience finite deformation against applied

shear stresses.

 Fluid. Anything which can flow. A fluid is any substance

that can’t maintain its shape and acquires the shape of the
container. However more technically main difference between
solid and fluids can be expressed in terms of shear stresses.

 Liquids. Experience a continuously increasing

deformation and shear stress is proportional to the rate of
change of deformation.

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 BASIC DEFINITIONS

 Dynamics. The branch of mechanics concerned with the

motion of bodies under the action of forces.
 Fluid Dynamics. The branch of physics that study physical
laws and their applications, regarding displacement of a body
into a fluid

Fluid
Dynamics

Hydro- Gas- Aero-

dynamics dynamics dynamics
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 FLUID DYNAMICS

 Due to certain differences between gases and liquids, fluid

dynamics is divided into:-
 Hydro-dynamics. Flow of liquids specially water
 Gas-dynamics. Flow of Gases
 Aero-dynamics. Flow of air

 Effects of Fluid Motion. Area of interest is quite diverse

like:-
 Generation of lift and drag on an airplane
 Wind forces on a windmill
 Aerodynamic heating of the space shuttle

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 AERODYNAMICS

Aerodynamics. It is the branch of dynamics that treats

with the motion of air and of the forces acting on bodies in
motion relative to air.

 Now a days, both flow of gases and air is generally studied

in aerodynamics.

 Gas Dynamics is also related to Compressible fluid flow.

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 TYPES OF AERODYNAMICS

 Aerodynamics can be further classified as:-

 Internal Aerodynamics. The flow boundaries are

restricted like flow of air/gases through ducts, pipes,
combustion chamber

 External Aerodynamics. The flow boundaries are not

restricted like flow over aircraft wings etc.

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 PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES OF
AERODYNAMICS

 Irrespective of the type, aerodynamics has following

objectives:-

 Prediction of forces and moments on and heat transfer

to bodies moving through fluids e.g. Lift, Drag etc

 Determination of flow properties moving through ducts,

e.g. calculation of flow properties through rocket engines,
flow through wind tunnels

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 AERODYNAMICS APPLICATIONS FOR
EXTERNAL FLOWS

 Airfoil and wing design

 Airfoil and wing analysis

 Analysis and design of wind turbines

 Analysis and design of automobiles, ships and sail shapes

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 DEFINITION OF AIR

 Aerodynamics is nothing but the interaction between

moving objects and air.

 Air. Air is a gas which has very large number of

molecules, weakly attached to each other. It can be studied at
two scales.
 Macro Scale. Large scale motion of the gas based on
the observations and measurements. Generally known as
Eulerian Frame of reference.

 Micro Scale. Study of individual molecular motion

based on simple theories, which can’t be observed like
kinetic theory of gases. Generally known as Lagrangian
frame of reference.
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 DEFINITION OF AIR

 In Aerodynamics, we are mainly concerned with Eulerian

specification of flow field. Air is treated as a uniform gas with
properties that are averaged from individual components.

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 AERODYNAMIC VARIABLES

 On the macro scale (i.e. Eulerian), we deal with large scale

effects which can be measured. The most important
properties of a fluid at any point (x,y,z) at any time t, in any
fluid application are:-
 Pressure
 Density
 Temperature
 Flow velocity and Streamlines

 Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics give us the tools we

need for predicting these properties

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 PRESSURE

 Pressure is defined as the normal force exerted by the

continuous matter on a plane placed in the fluid, per unit area
of the plane.

 Pressure always acts normal to the plane.

 Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics give us the tools we

need for predicting these properties.

 More precisely, it can be defined as “ the normal force per

unit area exerted on a surface due to time rate of change of
momentum of the gas molecules impacting on the surface”. 14
 DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE

 Density (ρ). Mass of the fluid per unit volume of

space as the volume shrinks to zero.

 Temperature (T). A measure of the kinetic energy

associated with the random motion of the molecules that form
the continuous matter. The higher the KE, higher the
temperature.

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 EQUATION OF STATE

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 FLOW VELOCITY AND SREAMLINES

 Velocity. of a fluid particle (i.e. a large collection of

molecules treated as a continuum) is a vector. It has three
components (u, v, w) in the three directions.

 For Fluids, it can be rephrased as “the velocity of any fixed

point in a flowing fluid is the velocity of an infinitesimally small
fluid element as it sweeps through the point.

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 FLOW VELOCITY AND SREAMLINES

 Streamlines. The fixed path traced by the fluid

element. At each point on the streamline, the direction of the
flow is tangent to the streamline.
 Definition. Hence it can be defined as “ A streamline
is a path whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the
velocity vector at that point”.

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Q&A

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